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Physiology II > Respiratory Function: Overview and Ventilation of the Lung > Flashcards

Respiratory Function: Overview and Ventilation of the Lung Flashcards

1
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Transport of CO2 and O2 between the environment and tissues

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation (in mitochondria)

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3
Q

Name the 4 processes of respiration

A

1) ventilation

2) lung diffusion

3) transportation of gas via blood

4) tissue diffusion

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4
Q

Name the other 4 importances of the respiratory system

A

1) one of the vital signs assessed during clinical exam

2) route of entry for infections/agents

3) route for inhalant anesthetic agent/drug administration

4) involved in vocalization, defense, metabolism

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5
Q

The _______ are the beginning of the airway

A

Nares

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6
Q

Which two species have the most pliable and most rigid nares, respectively

A

Horse (most pliable); pig (most rigid)

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7
Q

Horses are obligate nasal breathers. What does that mean?

A

Their soft palate extends from the hard palate to the base of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis lies on top of the soft palate.

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8
Q

During breathing, what happens to the epiglottis and soft palate?

A

Epiglottis is open, connecting the nasopharynx to the larynx and trachea. It covers the soft palate, closing the oropharynx.

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9
Q

During swallowing, what happens to the epiglottis and soft palate?

A

Epiglottis is closed, blocking off the larynx and trachea. The soft palate rises to the roof of the nasopharynx and blocks it off. The oropharynx is open and connects the oral cavity to the esophagus.

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10
Q

Upper airways include the structures that…

A

Extend from nares/mouth to larynx

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11
Q

Lower airways include structures that extend from…

A

Subglottis(trachea) to terminal bronchioles

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12
Q

Generations are another name for?

A

Branches

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13
Q

At what generation do alveoli begin to bud off?

A

Generation 17

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14
Q

Name the components of the conducting airways

A

Trachea, segmental bronchi, non-respiratory bronchioles

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15
Q

Name the components of the respiratory unit

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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16
Q

How many generations do segmental bronchi have?

A

8

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17
Q

How many generations do non-respiratory bronchioles have?

A

16

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18
Q

How many generations do respiratory bronchioles have?

A

24

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19
Q

How many generations do alveolar ducts have?

A

26

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20
Q

The trachea has ______ generations?

A

0

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21
Q

As the generation # increases, cilia, # of mucus secreting cells, submucosal glands, and cartilages _________ease.

A

Decrease

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22
Q

Airways contain cartilage until the ________ th generation

A

10

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23
Q

What part of the respiratory tract don’t contain cartilage?

A

Bronchioles

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24
Q

What epithelium and cells does the upper respiratory tract have?

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mucus secreting goblet cells

25
Q

What epithelium do the bronchioles have?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

26
Q

What are the 2 cell types in the alveoli?

A

Type I and Type II

27
Q

What type of epithelium do the Type I cells make?

A

Squamous

28
Q

What is the function of Type II cells and their epithelium?

A

Produce surfactant; cuboidal

29
Q

The alveoli are sites for ______ ___________

A

Gas exchange

30
Q

T or F: alveolar air spaces bud off at respiratory bronchioles and have a role in gas exchange?

A

True

31
Q

A terminal respiratory unit includes

A

Aggregation of airways arising from a terminal bronchiole with associated blood and lymph vessels

32
Q

The respiratory membrane is also known as…

A

Blood-air barrier

33
Q

Oxygen requirements can increase up to 30x during…

A

Strenuous exercise

34
Q

Aerobic species such as the horse or dog have a ______ oxygen demand compared to less aerobic species such as cows or goats

A

Greater

35
Q

VO2

A

Means oxygen max

36
Q

Smaller species consume______ O2 per kg of body weight than larger species

A

More

37
Q

What two parts make up a respiratory cycle

A

Inspiratory and an expiratory phase

38
Q

During inspiration, what structures are enlarged

A

Lungs and thorax

39
Q

Expiration involves the _____ of muscles

A

Relaxation

40
Q

In a closed container, V is ______ ______ to P(boyle’s law)

A

Inversely proportional

41
Q

Ventilation

A
  • Movement of air in&out lungs
  • direction of movement controlled by intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure
42
Q

Pressure inside vs outside during inspiration

A

P inside<P outside

43
Q

Pressure inside vs. outside during exhalation

A

P inside> P outside

44
Q

No air flow happens when

A

P inside = P outside

45
Q

PB means

A

Barometric (atmospheric pressure)

46
Q

PA means

A

Alveolar (pulmonary) pressure

47
Q

PIP/PPL means

A
  • Intrapleural pressure
  • normally negative
  • between parietal and visceral pleura
48
Q

PTP means

A
  • Transpulmonary pressure
  • formula: PA-PIP
49
Q

What happens to the PIP and PA during inspiration

A

chest wall increases, causing PIP to decrease and PA to decline, facilitating air flow into lungs

50
Q

What happens to PA and PIP during expiration

A

PIP increases, causing PA to rise, and air to flow out lungs

51
Q

Primary muscles of inspiration

A

Phrenic m. and external/internal intercostal m.

52
Q

Muscles used during forced inhalation

A

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, neck and back muscles

53
Q

T or F: there are primary exhalation muscles

A

False; there are none

54
Q

Animals that have no CT between lung lobes

A

Dogs & Cats

55
Q

Animals w/ partial lung lobule separation due to CT

A

Horses & Sheep

56
Q

Animals w/ complete separation of lung lobes due to CT

A

Cattle & Pig

57
Q

Animals w/ thick Tunica Media muscles

A

Pig & cattle

58
Q

Animals w/ intermediate tunica media muscles

A

Horse & llama

59
Q

Animals w/ thin tunica media muscles

A

Dogs & sheep

Physiology II (9 decks)

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