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Physiology II > Puri-ppt 3: Spermatogenesis, Fertilization, Embryonic Dev. And Birth > Flashcards

Puri-ppt 3: Spermatogenesis, Fertilization, Embryonic Dev. And Birth Flashcards

1
Q

Location of spermatogenesis

A

Seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

List the 3 differentiation steps in spermatogenesis

A
  • formation of acrosome
  • development of flagella and mitochondrial powerhouse
  • DNA condensation
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3
Q

Formation of acrosome

A
  • one of spermatogenesis steps
  • acrosome contains hyluronidase and acrosin that are likely to help sperm break thru zona pellucida
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4
Q

Development of flagella and mitochondrial powerhouse

A
  • development of mitochondria and flagella help w/ sperm’s motility
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5
Q

DNA condensation

A
  • conversion of DNA into inactive state, prevents DNA damage
  • Histones replaced w/ protamine
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6
Q

Caput sperm

A
  • Immotile

(Caput=head; immature at head)

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7
Q

Caudal sperm

A
  • motile

(at end of epididymis)

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8
Q

Flow of sperm

A
  • immediate transport
  • cervix
  • uterus
  • oviduct
  • fertilization
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9
Q

Immediate transport

A
  • retrograde loss
  • phagocytosis
  • entrance to cervix/uterus
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10
Q

Cervix

A
  • removes non-motile and abnormal sperm
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11
Q

Uterus

A
  • initiation of capacitation
  • phagocytosis
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12
Q

Oviduct

A
  • completion of capacitation
  • hyperactive motility
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13
Q

Fertilization

A
  • acrosome rxn
  • sperm penetrates oocyte
  • male and female pronuclei form
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14
Q

Epididymal sperm

A
  • membrane has complement of surface proteins and carbs
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15
Q

Ejaculated sperm

A
  • made of epididymal sperm + seminal plasma
  • surface proteins and carbs get coated w/ seminal plasma that mas parts of membrane proteins
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16
Q

Capacitated sperm

A
  • ejaculated sperm + female tract
  • in the female repro. Tract, seminal plasma coating and some surface molecules removed, exposing parts of molecules that bind to ZP
17
Q

Hyperactivated motility

A
  • helps cumulus cells disperse and sperm to break thru ZP
  • high amplitude and asymmetrical beat pattern
18
Q

Absence of hyperactivated mtoility

A
  • low amplitude and symmetrical
19
Q

Before membrane fusion

A

Sperm breaks thru ZP and reaches perivitelline space

20
Q

During membrane fusion

A

Plasma membrane of oocyte fuses w/ equatorial segment & engulfs fertilizing spermatazoa

  • cortical granules released and prevent other sperm from binding (cortical rxn)
21
Q

After membrane fusion

A
  • sperm nuclear membrane disappears and nucleus decondenses
22
Q

Events that happen if no conceptus present

A
  • secretion non-existent during first half of luteal phase
  • development of oxytocin receptors and release of oxytocin by large luteal cells binds to otr causing PGF2-alpha synthesis
  • PGF2-alpha synthesis causes luteolysis
23
Q

If fertilization occurs

A
  • conceptus inhibits oxytocin synth, preventing PGF2-alpha synthesis and luteolysis
  • CL continues to secrete progesterone
24
Q

IFN-tau

A
  • released by early embryo
  • blocks oxytocin receptor expression and PGF2-alpha synthesis
25
Q

4 steps that must happen before embryo can attach to uterus

A
  • dev. Of embryo within ZP
  • hatching of blastocyst from ZP
  • maternal recognition of pregnancy
  • formation of yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois
26
Q

Allantochorion

A
  • Interacts w/ endometrium and generate cotyledons
27
Q

Cotyledon-caruncle complex

A

Placentome

28
Q

Placenta function

A
  • metabolic exchange
  • elimination of waste products
  • gas exchange
  • thermoreg.
  • endocrine organ during pregnancy
29
Q

PMSG

A

FSH-like, for super ovulation & prev. of follicular atresia

30
Q

How placenta acts like an endocrine organ during pregnancy

A
  • placenta secretes eCG/PMSG to maintain CL
  • placenta maintains progesterone levels
  • secretes estradiol
  • secretes placental lactogen
  • source of relaxin
31
Q

____ and ____ secrete progesterone

A

CL and placenta

32
Q

Stopping secretion of progesterone does what?

A

Terminates pregnancy

33
Q

Estradiol

A
  • secreted by placenta
  • role in parturition induction
34
Q

Placental lactogen

A
  • similar to GH
  • lactogenic effects
35
Q

Relaxin

A
  • causes pelvic ligaments to soften and relax so fetus can be expelled
36
Q

When does placenta take over progesterone secretion in sheep and cattle

A
  • sheep: after day 50
  • cattle: 6th-8th months of gestation
37
Q

3 stages of parturition

A
  • myometrial contractions start due to drop in progesterone
  • expulsion of fetus due to strong myometral and abdominal contractions
  • expulsion of fetal membranes
38
Q

Hormones that terminate pregnancy

A
  • stopping progesterone secretion
  • giving PFG2-alpha
39
Q

How birth causes myometrial contractions

A
  • fetus moving through birth canal causes pressure on cervix
  • paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus is stimulated and secretes oxytocin
  • oxytocin -> myometral contractions

Physiology II (9 decks)

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