Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Endo, Cardio and Neuro > Respiratory failure > Flashcards

Respiratory failure Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiratory failure?

A

syndrome of inadequate gas exchange due to dysfunction of one or more components of respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is ARDS?

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 steps of ARDS classification?

A

by timing
chest imaging
origin of oedema
PF ratio (perfusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the classifications of respiratory failure?

A

acute
chronic
acute on chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the causes of acute respiratory failure?

A

pulmonary: infection, aspiration, primary graft dysfunction
extra-pulmonary: trauma, pancreatitis, sepsis
neuromuscular: myasthenia/GBS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the causes of chronic respiratory failure?

A

pulmonary: COPD, lung fibrosis, CF, lobectomy
musculoskeletal: muscular dystrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the causes of acute on chronic RF?

A

infective exacerbation e.g COPD
myasthenic crises
post operative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the physiological classifications of RF?

A

type 1 - hypoxemic
type 2 - hypercapnic
type 3 - perioperative
type 4 - shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is type 1 respiratory failure?

A

failure of oxygen exchange

PO2 <60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the causes of type 1 respiratory failure?

A 
collapse
aspiration
pulmonary oedema
fibrosis
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is type 2 RF?

A

failure to exchange or remove carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the causes of type 2 RF?

A 
nervous system
neuromuscular
muscle failure
airway obstruction
chest wall deformity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is type 3 RF?

A

increased airway collapse due to low functional residual capacity with abnormal abdominal wall mechanics
hypoxemia or hypercapnoea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is type 4 RF?

A

intubated and ventilated patients during shock (septic, cardiogenic, neurologic)
poor perfusion with positive pressure in thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the risk factors for chronic RF?

A 
COPD
pollution
recurrent pneumonia
cystic fibrosis
pulmonary fibrosis
neuromuscular diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the causes of acute RF?

A 
infection
aspiration
trauma inflammatory response
pancreatitis
transfusion
17
Q

what occurs during acute lung injury?

A

alveolar macrophages and type 2 cells activate
release of IL-6,8, TNF-a
protein rich oedema occurs
surfactant may degrade and make alveolus less efficient
migration of neutrophils into interstitium - proteases, inflamm mediators released
increases alveolar-capillary distance, less efficient gas exchange

18
Q

what are the three umbrellas of therapeutic intervention for RF?

A

treat underlying cause
respiratory support
multiple organ support

19
Q

how are the underlying causes of RF treated?

A

inhaled therapies - bronchodilators, pulmonary vasodilators
steroids
antibiotics/virals
drugs - pyridostigmine, plasma exchange, IVIG, rituximab

20
Q

how is respiratory support provided in RF?

A 
physiotherapy
oxygen
nebulisers
high flow O2
non invasive ventilation
intubation (mechanical vent)
extra corporeal support (ECMO_
21
Q

how is multiple organ support provided in people with RF?

A

CV support - fluids, vasopressors, inotropes, pulmonary vasodilators
renal support - haemofiltration, haemodialysis
immune therapies - plasma exchange, convalescent plasma

22
Q

what are the consequences of ARDS?

A

poor gas exchange - inadequate oxygenation, poor perfusion, hypercapnoea
infection - sepsis
inflammation
systemic effects

23
Q

what are the pitfalls to mechanical ventilation?

A

trapping of air not fully exhaled causing increased pressure
may lead to ventilator induced lung injury
therefore exhalation must be set to correct length

24
Q

what are the parameters for the Murray scoring of acute lung injury/need for ECMO?

A

chest xray
lung compliance
oxygen saturations
PEEP

25
Q

what scores mean what in the Murray scoring system?

A

normal - 0
1-2.5 - mild
2.5 - severe
3 - ECMO required

26
Q

what are the inclusion criteria for ECMO?

A

severe respiratory failure of non cardiac cause
positive pressure ventilation not appropriate
reversible disease process
unlikely to lead to prolonged disability

27
Q

what are the exclusion criteria for ECMO?

A

contraindication to continuation of active treatment
significant comorbidity so dependence on ECMO support
significant life limiting comorbidity

28
Q

what is ECMO and its process?

A

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
catheter from femoral/jugular vein to IVC
withdrawal of blood, passed over artificial membrane to remove CO2 and oxygenate

Endo, Cardio and Neuro (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions