Respiratory Exam Flashcards

Question

Acute Rhinitis

Answer 1

Inflammation in the mucous membranes of the nose, generally viral, can be related to allergies

Answer 2

usually a virus but can be caused by bacterial such as streptococcus or group A strep. -If caused by bacteria worry about rheumatic heart disease as a complication.

Answer 3

inflammation of sinuses can be acute to chronic caused by virus bacteria. Symptoms are HA, facial pain, pressure over sinuses, fever, bending forward increases HA

Answer 4

infection either viral or bacterial, sore throat and difficulty swallowing.

Answer 5

can cause upper and lower inflammatory respiratory related issue.

Answer 6

ETI: viruses either A,B , C transmission via droplet and aerosols generated by coughs and sneeze. hand to hand contact EPI: outbreaks happen annually , young, old, and immunocompromised CM: fever, HA, cough, sore throat, myalgias,

Answer 7

-starts as an upper travels to lower respiratory -Virus will break down the hosts protective barriers in both and and lower respiratory tract. -which puts the host at risk for pneumonia or other bacterial infection

Answer 8

Patho: inflammation and mucus in the bronchi and bronchioles due to an infection w/out evidence of pneumonia and or COPD ETI: viral most common common pathogens: influenza A and B, parainfluenza

Answer 9

CM: Start similar to upper respiratory infection (common cold) but then with persistent cough (10-20 days), and potential wheezing, mild shortness of breath, musculoskeletal pain SPUTUM is NOT indicative of bacterial vs viral infection

Answer 10

2 types: hospital or community acquired. Another classification is typical vs a typical.

Answer 11

infection of bacteria in alveoli epi: older adults CM: cough fever leukocytes

Answer 12

viral and mycoplasma infection involve alveolar septum and interstitium lung patho: patchy lung environment CM: Minimal, fever, HA, dry hacking , no leukocytosis EPI: common in children and younger adults

Answer 13

Eti: infection by bacteria or virus CM: TYPICAL (the type) has cough, fever, lekocytosis. ATYPICAL (THE TYPE) less striking sx, and physical findings no leukocytosis, no purulent sputum lack of labor consolidation on chest X-RAY. patho: inflammation of lung tissue in the alveolar space which fills with purulent drainage

Answer 14

Inhale droplets, droplets enter upper airway and go to lung tissue, gets to lower respiratory alveoli, mucus and exudate and edema hinder gas exchange. PNA either in part of 1 lobe or unilateral

Answer 15

Etiology: bacteria or viral. most common is Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae Epi: children and older adults more susceptible under normal conditions Prognosis: use of vaccine every 5-10 years

Answer 16

Eti: Infection 48hours after admission or while in the hospital Epi: Immuncompromised, chronic lung disease, intubation, predisposing condition prognosis: 20%-50%

Answer 17

Eti: bacteria. airborne transmission vs droplet Patho: a person can develop latent TB or inactive TB so they cannot spread it because the body has contained it. Active TB where they have clinical presentation Diagnosis: tuberculin skin test to measure a delayed hypersensitivity. Positive TB test means you have been exposed.

Answer 18

Active TB CM: Weight loss and night sweats and coughing

Answer 19

asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, obstructive sleep apnea, cystic fibrosis.

Answer 20

This is when air has trouble flowing out of the lugs due to airway resistance. this causes a decreased air flow

Answer 21

pneumothorax hemothorax pleural effusion

Answer 22

chronic disorder of airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsivness, air way inflammation, and in some airway Eti: cigarette smoke, pollutants, dust, upper respiratory issues can make asthma worse. Epi: genetic predisposition to developing IgE mediated response to common allergies

Answer 23

wheezing, cough, dyspnea, chest tightness can be worst at night, SOB, CAN GET mucus plugs, use of accessory muscles, distant breath sounds.

Answer 24

Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema Highly heterogenous

Answer 25

Cough for 3 consecutive months out of the year for 2 consecutive years . CM: hypersecretion of mucus, hypoxia, and cyanosis. Excess mucus creates obstruction

Answer 26

OVER DISTENTION of alveoli with trapped air, creating an obstruction to expiratory airflow, loss of elastic recoil of alveoli high residual volume of CO2 in lung

Answer 27

Epi: results from gene(G)_environment (e) interactions occuring over a lifetime(t) of the individual that can damage the lungs and/or alter their normal development/age process Smoking remains the greatest risk factor but toxic air pollutants from household and outside playa role as well.

Answer 28

FEV1/FVC if below 0.07 after give bronchodilator then confirms COPD FEV1: IS THE AMOUNT OF AIR EXPELLED OUT IN ONE SECOND FVC: is total

Answer 29

Insidious onset exercise intolerance cough SOB barrled CHEST crackles tripod position emphysema

Answer 30

also called hypoventilation syndrome. intermitten cessation of airflow from the nose and mouth during sleep is characterized by recurrent episodes of sleep apnea for seconds to minutes and occurring frequently during the night ETI: nasal blockage, presence and distribution of body fat CM: loud snoring, choking or gasping during sleep during sleep. Alcohol and sedative meds make it worse. Can lead to pulmonary HTN, can cause right sided heart failure, polycythemia

Answer 31

eti: genetic disorder autosome recessive Patho: due to impaired chloride transport of the CFTR gene mutation. Which increases reabsorption of sodium and water from airway to blood causing mucociliary tract to become viscid and sticky. Occurs too pancreatic and biliary ducts as well.

Answer 32

Pleura outer parietal. layer inner visceral pleural space

Answer 33

thin layered serous membrane that encases the lung

Answer 34

lines the thoracic wall and superior aspect of the diaphragm

Answer 35

layer covers the lung

Answer 36

is a cavity between two layers contains serous fluid that lubricates the plural surfaces

Answer 37

Pleura effusion -hemothorax -empyema pneumothorax

Answer 38

abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. The fluid may be an exudate or transudate, purulent, lymph, or sanguineous. ETI. HF severe pulmonary infection CM: dyspnea tachypnea, sharp pleuritic chest pain, dullness to percussion, and diminished breath sounds on the affected side.

Answer 39

infection of the pleural cavity results from exudate with glucose, protein, leukocytes. Caused by adjacent bacterial pna, infection, trauma, ruptured lung abscess

Answer 40

blood in the pleura; cavity caused by chest injury after chest surgery sx can be sudden and distressing for pt.

Answer 41

Patho: Known as a collapsed lung presence of air in pleural cavity that causes a large section or whole lobe of lung Air can enter the pleural cavity because of chest trauma or rupture of alveoli

Answer 42

CM: asymmetry of the chest, intercostal muscle retractions, percussion may result of hyper-resonance, auscultation absent breath sounds, dyspnea chest pain

Answer 43

Air is present in the intrapleural space without preceding trauma and without underlying clinical or radiological evidence of lung disease. commonly seen in tall young men. ruptured alveoli is theorized for cause

Answer 44

penetrating or non-penetrating wound injury. -the punctured thoracic cage and pleural membrane create an opening between the pleural cavity and outside environment. - the open wound allows the pleural cavity to act as a vacuum and pull air into the pleural space. collapsing a lung

Answer 45

Life-threatening condition when injury to chest permits air to enter but not leave the pleural space

Answer 46

excess fluid in lungs, high hydrostatic pressure within the pulmonary capillaries causes fluid from the blood to diffuse into interstitial spaces. most common cause is left sided heart failure other causes: high altitude CM: severe respiratory distress, pinky frothy sputum , SOB, confusion stupor, coarse loud crackles, cyanotic

Answer 47

a clot that had traveled to the arterial pulmonary circulation and caused obstruction of arterial blood flow through the lungs. -originated in the legs as a deep vein thrombus or in the right sided heart. -thrombi often form around central venous catheters. CM: dypnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, signs of chest pain

Answer 48

Pulmonary pressure is elevated (mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥20 mmHg at rest with a pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units).

Answer 49

Eti: pulmonary htn, COPD, *not all pts with COPD will develop cor pulmonae patho: right sided HF due to narrowed or blocked pulmonary arteries, right sided hypertrophy of heart. CM: venous congestion, peripheral edema, sob, jvd edema in legs, cyanosis