Key terms cellular adaptation Flashcards
Atrophy
Cellular adaptation in which cells revert to the smaller size. it is the shrinking of skeletal muscle seen in paralysis or even inactivity from bed rest
Hypertrophy
an increase in the individual cell size and often mass where there is an enlargement of functioning tissue. it increases the cell’s functional components which leads to greater metabolic demand and energy needs.
physiologic hypertrophy
Enlarged muscle that is adequately perfused and supplied with blood flow. There is proportional increase in cell size and enhancement of coronary blood supply.
Pathological hypertrophy
An increase in cellular size without an increase in the supportive structures necessary for the enlarged cells increase in metabolic demand. (Seen in hypertension or heart failure.)
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells in the tissue or gland, generally stimulated by hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanism. a normal example is an increase breast gland cells when a woman is pregnant. A maladaptive is a keloid.
metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type by another cell type generally due to environmental conditions. it occurs in response to chronic inflammation. Gastroesophageal reflux is a good example of this and can lead to cancer.
Dysplasia
Chronic inflammation or precancerous condition dysplastic cells vary in size, shape, and architectural organization compared to healthy cells. Cervical dysplasia is a common example of this. Dysplasia is a classic precursor to cancer.
Neoplasia
Uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous like a tumor
ischemia
inadequate blood blow
Hypoxia
oxygen deprivation, blood cannot deliver oxygen to cells. (low oxygen supply in the body)
hypoxemia
refers to low oxygen supply content in the blood.
infarction
also known as ischemic necrosis, it is the death of tissue to prolonged ischemia.
Oxidative stress
Reactive oxygen species exceeds the ability of the body to neutralize and eliminate. (to many free radicals present.
Free radicals
have a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit that creates instability and reactivity with adjacent molecules they react with constituents of the cells plasma causing oxidative degradation.
Apoptosis
Genetically programmed degenerative change that causes cell death. Cells degenerate at a specific time period with no adverse effects on the body. reduction in cell size, intact plasma membrane but an altered membrane. ex(cells worn out, produced in excess, developed improperly, genetic dmg)
