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Term 2: Pulmonary > Respiratory Equations & Review Clickers > Flashcards

Respiratory Equations & Review Clickers Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for minute ventilation?

A

Ve = VT x f

Tidal volume times frequency

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2
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

VA = (VT x f) - (VD x f)

VD = dead space volume

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3
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation based on exhaled CO2?

A

PACO2 = (0.863) x VCO2/VA

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4
Q

What is the Alveolar Gas equation?

A

PAO2 = (760-pH2O)(0.21) - PaCO2/0.8

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5
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary vascular resistance?

A

R = deltaP/Q

deltaP = pressure diff b/n pulm. artery and left atrium

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6
Q

What is the normal A-a difference?

A

=2.5 + 0.21(age)

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7
Q

What is the equation for anion gap?

A

DeltaAG = Na - Cl - HCO3

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8
Q

Contraction of the abdominal muscles is important in:

A. normal (quiet) inspiration
B. forced (maximum) inspiration
C. normal (quiet) expiration
D. forced (maximum) expiration
E. none of the above
A

D. Forced (maximum) Expiration

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9
Q

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is:

A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere.
B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
D) greater than the intra-alveolar pressure.

A

B) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

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10
Q

Pulmonary function testing supports the diagnosis of COPD. What would you anticipate his lung compliance to be?

A. Normal
B. Less than normal
C. More than normal

A

C. More than normal

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11
Q

What is the equation for Compliance?

A

CL = delta V / Delta Transpleural pressure

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12
Q

The patient inspires 600 ml from a spirometer. Pleural pressure before inspiration is –5 cm H2O and –7cm H2O at the end of inspiration. What is his compliance?

A.  200 ml/cm H20
B.  300 ml/cm H20
C.  100 ml/cm H20
D.  150 ml/cm H20
E.  550 ml/cm H20
A

B. 300 ml/cm H20

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13
Q

What is the normal compliance of the lung?

A

200 mL/cmH2O

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14
Q

The patient has an alveolar ventilation of 3 L/min, a frequency of 10 breaths/min, and a tidal volume of 700 ml. What is his “physiologic” dead space ventilation per minute?

A.  1 L/min
B.  2.5 L/min
C.  3 L/min
D.  4 L/min
E.  7 L/min
A

D. 4 L/min

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15
Q

At which of the following sites is the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) highest?

A. exhaled gas
B. anatomical dead space at the end of expiration
C. anatomical dead space at the end of inspiration
D. alveolar gas
E. about the same in all of the above (100 mmHg)

A

C. anatomical dead space at the end of inspiration

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16
Q

In a young, healthy individual, the alveolar-arterial blood (A-a) difference is:

A. Less than 3 mm Hg
B.Created by venous admixture and anatomic shunt
C. Unaffected by bronchial circulation
D.23-27 mm Hg
E. Affected by barometric pressure changes

A

B.Created by venous admixture and anatomic shunt

17
Q

You obtain ABG’s on room air as part of your evaluation: pH 7.36/PCO2 58/PO2 56. What is the A-a gradient?

A.  12.5
B.  21.5
C.  56.5
D.  77.5
E.  94.5
A

B. 21.5

18
Q

What causes of hypoxemia cause an elevated A-a difference?

A
  • a diffusion abnormality
  • a Shunt
  • Dead space
19
Q

A 33 year old man has a motor vehicle accident and is brought to the ER. Initial labs show a Hgb/Hct of 15/45, WBC of 4.8, Platelet count of 350K. His initial ABG is pH7.45/PaCO245/PaO2 100/Sat 98%.
What is his arterial blood oxygen content?

A.  20 ml O2/dL
B.  30 ml O2/dL
C.  40 ml O2/dL
D.  50 ml O2/dL
E.  60 ml O2/dL
A

A. 20 mL O2/dL

20
Q

What is the equation for arterial blood content?

A

Cao2 = (Hb x 1.34 x SaO2) + (0.003 x PaO2)

21
Q

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is:

A. only about 1.5% of the oxygen content
B. the majority of the oxygen content
C. about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
D. greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
E. not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules

A

A. only about 1.5% of the oxygen content

22
Q

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C) as carbonic acid in the plasma
D) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

B) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

23
Q

Decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is associated with:

A.An increase in PCO2
B.Metabolic alkalosis
C.2,3 DPG depletion
D. Leftward shift in the oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve
E.Cooling form 37 to 32°C
A

A.An increase in PCO2

24
Q

Assume that CO2 production is constant; what factor determines PaCO2 most directly?

A.Tidal volume
B.Minute ventilation
C.Breathing frequency
D.Alveolar ventilation
E.Dead space ventilation
A

D.Alveolar ventilation

25
Q

Assuming a normal CO2 production, what would you estimate as the alveolar ventilation associated with the following arterial blood gases: pH 7.31, PaCO2 66, PaO2 54?

A.  2512 ml/min
B.  2615 ml/min
C.  3390 ml/min
D.  5290 ml/min
E.  6615 ml/min
A

B. 2615 ml/min

26
Q

Which of the following contribute to alveolar dead space?

A.Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused
B.Alveoli that are perfused but not ventilated
C.Gas exchange regions with low VA/Q
D.Dilation of peripheral airways
E.  Trachea and main stem bronchi
A

A.Alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused

27
Q

Which of the following would decrease venous admixture (shunt)?

A.An increase in bronchial blood flow
B.Inhaling a peanut
C.Changing from supine to upright posture
D.Increasing regional VA/Q from 0.6 to 0.9
E.Decreasing ventilation
A

D.Increasing regional VA/Q from 0.6 to 0.9

28
Q

Which of the following would most likely promote pulmonary edema?

A.Mechanical ventilation using positive inflation pressures
B.Loss of surfactant
C.Fall in pulmonary artery pressure
D. Increased colloid osmotic pressure
E.Driving from high altitude to sea level

A

B.Loss of surfactant

29
Q

According to Fick’s law, which of the following changes would decrease gas diffusion in the lung:

A.Increase surface area of the blood-gas interface
B. Decrease molecular weight of the gas
C.Increase thickness of the blood –gas interface
D. Increase the partial pressure differential of the gas across the blood-gas interface
E. Increase solubility of the gas

A

C.Increase thickness of the blood –gas interface

30
Q

When is the resistance to blood flow of the pulmonary vascular bed lowest?

A. When a person is at rest sitting up
B. When a person is at rest lying down
C. When a person is breathing air at high altitude
D. When a person is exercising maximally
E. None of the above because pulmonary vascular resistance is constant

A

D. When a person is exercising maximally

31
Q

The apex of the upright human lung compared with the base has:

A.  A higher Po2. 
B.  A higher ventilation. 
C.  A lower pH in end-capillary blood. 
D.  A higher blood flow. 
E.  Smaller alveoli.
A

A. A higher Po2.

32
Q

Which of the following is representative of Zone 3 of pulmonary circulation?

A.  Pv > Pa > PA
B.  PA > Pa > Pv
C.  PA > Pv > Pa
D.  Pa > PA > Pv
E.   Pa > Pv > PA
A

E. Pa > Pv > PA

33
Q

The most important afferent (sensory) receptors for the respiratory response to systemic arterial carbon dioxide (Pa-CO2) are the:
A. CO2 receptors of the aortic and carotid bodies
B. H+ receptors of the aortic and carotid bodies
C. CO2 receptors in the medulla of the brain
D. H+ receptors in the medulla of the brain
E. CO2 receptors in the airways and lungs

A

D. H+ receptors in the medulla of the brain

Term 2: Pulmonary (6 decks)

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