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308 Clinical pharmacology > Respiratory drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of airway drugs?

A 
Bronchodilators
 - adrenergic agents
 - anticholinergics 
 - methylxanthines 
Anti-inflammatory
 - steroids
 - leukotriene inhibitors 
Mucokinetic agents
 - carbocysteine
 - hypertonic saline
 - Dnase
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2
Q

Give an example of a short acting beta agonist

A

Salbutamol

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3
Q

How does salbutamol work?

A

Beta 2 agonist
Binds to beta 2 receptors in the lung leading to relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
Increases cAMP production by activating adenylate cyclase

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4
Q

What are the side effects of salbutamol?

A

Tremor
Sinus tachycardia
Hypokalaemia

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5
Q

Give an example of a long acting beta agonist

A

Salmeterol

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6
Q

Give an example of a long acting antimuscarinic

A

Tiotropium

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7
Q

How does tiotropium work?

A

Similar affinity to subtype of muscarinic receptors M1 to M5

Inhibits M3 receptors at smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation

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8
Q

Give an example of a short acting antimuscarinic

A

Ipatropium

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9
Q

What are the side effects of antimuscarinics?

A

Headache
Dry mouth
Disturbances in GI motility

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10
Q

What type of drug is theophylline?

A

Methylxanthine

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11
Q

How does theophylline work?

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor which increases cAMP

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12
Q

Give an example of a systemic glucocorticoid

A

Prednisolone

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13
Q

Give an example of an inhaled glucocoticoid

A

Beclomethasone

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14
Q

What airway effects do glucocorticoids cause?

A

Decrease release of inflammatory mediators
Decrease infiltration and action of WBCs
Decrease airway oedema
Decrease airway mucus production
Increase number and sensitivity of beta 2 receptors

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15
Q

What adverse effects do inhaled glucocorticoids cause and how can these be avoided?

A

Oral candidiasis
Dysphonia
Gargle and use spacer

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16
Q

What are the general adverse effects caused by glucocorticoids?

A 
Adrenal suppression
Bone loss
Slow growth in children
Risk of cataracts and glaucoma
Immunosuppression
Gastric ulceration
Hypertension
Diabetes
Mood disturbance
17
Q

What types of drugs are used for allergic rhinitis?

A

Antihistamines
Intranasal
Montelykast
Sympathomimetics

18
Q

What is montelukast?

A

Leukotriene receptor antagonist

19
Q

How does montelukast work?

A

Decreases inflammation, bronchoconstriction, oedema, mucus and recruitment of eosinophils

20
Q

Give an example of a sympathomimetic

A

Pseudoephedrine

21
Q

What types of antibiotics are used for respiratory infections?

A

Penicillins
Tetracycline
Quinolones
Macrolides

22
Q

Give examples of penicillins used

A

Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav
Tazobactam

23
Q

Give an example of a tetracycline

A

Doxycycline

24
Q

What are tetracyclines used for?

A

Broad spectrum against gram positive and gram negative

Atypical infections e.g. mycoplasma

25
Q

Give examples of quinolones

A

Ciprofloxacin

Moxifloxacin

26
Q

How do quinolone work?

A

DNA fragmentation

27
Q

What are quinolone’s used for?

A

Gram negative
Gram positive
Psuedomonas

28
Q

What are the side effects of quinolones?

A 
GI upset
C.difficle
Tendonitis
Liver upset
Prolonged QTc
Arrhythmias
29
Q

What are macrolides used for?

A

Gram positive

Gram negative

30
Q

What are the side effects of macrolides?

A

GI
Allergy
Liver abnormality
Prolonged QTc

31
Q

What 4 drugs are used for TB?

A

Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

32
Q

Describe isoniazid

A

Bactericidal and bacteriostatic so inhibits cell wall growth
Cytochrome p450 inhibitor
Side effects: fever, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis

33
Q

Describe rifampicin

A

Inhibits bacterial DNA-dependent RNA synthesis
Cytochrome P450 inducer
Side effects: reddish urine

34
Q

Describe pyrazinamide

A

Accumulation of pyrazinoic acid

Caution in gout

35
Q

Describe ethambutol

A

Bacteriostatic obstructs development of cell wall

Side effects: peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy, gout, AKI

36
Q

What are leukotrienes?

A

Potent inflammatory eiosanoids released from mast cells and eosinophils with bronchoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory action

37
Q

What are the side effects of leukotriene receptor antagonists?

A

Headache
GI
Psychiatric

308 Clinical pharmacology (10 decks)

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