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respiratory drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 classes of respiratory drugs

A
  • Respiratory stimulants/ analeptics
  • Antitussives
  • Expectorants
  • Bronchodilators
  • Drugs used in pulmonary edema
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2
Q

Name the classifications of respiratory stimulants

A
  • Direct acting
  • Reflexly acting
  • Mixed acting
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3
Q

Name a direct acting respiratory stimulant

A
  • Aethimizolum
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4
Q

Name a reflexly-acting respiratory stimulant

A
  • Lobeline
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5
Q

Name the 2 mixed-acting respiratory stimulants

A
  • Nikethamide/ Cordiamine

- Carbon dioxide/ Carbogen

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6
Q

Name the effects of Aethimizolum

A
  • ↑ frequency/depth of respiration
  • dilates bronchi
  • ↑ surfactant synthesis
  • ↑ production of glucocorticoids
  • anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and immunomodulative action
  • ↑ tone of cardiac and skeletal muscles.
  • It is used in overdose of general anesthetics, asphyxia, bronchial asthma, and asphyxia of newbons.
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7
Q

Name the effects of Sulfocamphocainum

procaïne derivative

A
  • ↑ respiratory and vasomotor centers
  • is used in cases of (poisoning with):
    >narcotic drugs
    >carbon oxide
    > asphyxia
    > cardiac insufficiency.
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8
Q

Name the effects of respiratory stimulants

A
  • ↑ respiratory center
  • ↑ lung ventilation
  • ↑ gas metabolism
  • ↑ oxygen content
  • ↓ carbon dioxide level.
  • ↑ excretion of metabolites with perspirated air
  • ↑ oxidative processes
  • normalize acid-based equilibrium.
  • may increase vaso motor centre
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9
Q

Name the effects of Carbogen

A

-↑ respiratory center
- is used in cases of (poisoning with):
>narcotic drugs
>carbon oxide
>during or after inhalation general anesthesia
>asphyxia
different conditions with insufficiency of the respiratory system.

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10
Q

Name the 4 respiratory stimulants

A
  • Aethimizol
  • Sulfocamphocaine
  • Cordiamine
  • Carbogen
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11
Q

Name the effects of Cordiamine

A

-↑ respiratory center
-↑ lung ventilation
-↑ gas metabolism
-↑ oxygen content
-↓ carbon dioxide level
Short lasting, 5 to 10 minutes

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12
Q

What are antitussive drugs?

A

Antitussives are drugs suppressing cough which are used in the case of dry cough

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13
Q

Name the classifications of antitussives and name the drugs

A

A). Drugs of central action

  1. Opioids
    - Codeine phosphate
  2. Non-opioid drugs
    - Glaucine hydrochloride
    - Oxeladin

B). Drugs of peripheral action

  • Prenoxdiazin hydrochloride (Libexin)
  • Butamirate.
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14
Q

Name the effects of Prenoxdiazin hydrochloride

A
  • broncholytic
  • local anesthetic effect
  • is administered orally
  • used for dry cough
  • may produce the sensation of local anesthesia in the oral cavity.
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15
Q

Name the effects of Glaucine hydrochloride

A

is an alkaloid

  • ↓ inhibits medulla center of cough without tolerance and drug dependence
  • is taken by mouth to treat diseases of the lungs and bronchi accompanied by dry cough
  • may cause hypotension.
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16
Q

Name the effects of Butamirate

A
  • ↓ inhibits medulla center of cough without tolerance and drug dependence
  • bronchodilator
  • anti inflammatory
  • is taken orally for rapid absorption
17
Q

What are expectorants?

A

drugs which transform non-productive cough into productive one.

18
Q

What are expectorants?

A

drugs which transform non-productive cough into a productive one.

19
Q

What are the classifications of expectorants and their drugs?

A

A). Bronchosecretor drugs

  1. Reflexly acting
    - Thermopsis infusion
    - Althea root decoction
    - Althaea extract

B). Mucolytics

  1. Synthetic
    - Acetylcysteine
    - Ambroxol
    - Bromhexine
  2. Enzymes
    - Trypsin
20
Q

What are the indications of acetylcysteine

A
  • Diseases of the bronchi and lungs accompanied by the formation of dense and serous-purulent sputum
  • Acute and chronic bronchitis
  • Tracheitis due to bacterial infection
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchoectasis
  • Bronchial asthma
  • Synusitis
  • Mucoviscedosis
  • The evacuation of viscous secretion from airways after surgeries or trauma
  • Overdose of paracetamol.
21
Q

What are the contra indications of acetylcysteine

A
  • Ulcer of stomach
  • Lungs bleeding
  • Hypersensitivity to preparation
  • Age till 5.
22
Q

What are the side effects of acetylcysteine

A
  • Dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis
  • Allergy (skin rash, itch, urticaria, rarely a spasm of bronchi)
  • Nasal bleeding, hypotension, palpitation
  • The retention of sputum if it is used together with antitussives.
23
Q

Main effect of Ambroxol

A

It stimulates production of surfactant in the lungs and activates the transport function of ciliated cells.

24
Q

Indications of Ambroxol

A
  • Acute and chronic diseases of airways accompanied by the formation of dense sputum and non-productive cough
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchial asthma
  • Bronchoectasis
  • Respiratory distress-syndrome in newborns.
25
Q

Side effects of Ambroxol

A
  • Dyspepsia
  • Headache
  • Skin rash, urticaria
26
Q

Contra indications of Ambroxol

A
  • Stomach Ulcer
  • Seizures
  • Pregnancy
  • Hypersensitivity
27
Q

What is the MOA of Theophylline

A
  • blocks of adenosine receptors

- inhibits PDE resulting in an increase of cAMP concentration and in a decrease of Ca^ contents inside the cells.

28
Q

Indications of Theophylline

A
  • Bronchial asthma
  • Spasm of bronchi of different origin
  • Chronic obstructive bronchitis
  • Status asthmaticus
  • Emphysema of the lungs
  • Noctural apnea
  • Apnea of a new born
  • Lungs hypertension
  • Disturbances of cerebral blood circulation, liquor hypertension, edema of the brain caused by ischemic stroke.
29
Q

Side effects of Theophylline

A
  • Restlessness, insomnia
  • Headache, tremor, seizures
  • Tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypotension, an increase in the frequency of angina attacks
  • Diarrhea, atony of the gut
  • Allergic reactions (skin rash, itch)
30
Q

Contra indications of Theophylline

A
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Acute heart failure
  • Angina pectoris
  • Acute myocardial infarction
  • Heart arrhythmia
  • Hypotension, severe hypertension
  • Prone to seizures
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Pregnancy, lactation
  • Hepatic and renal failur
  • Children till 14 (for IV administration).
31
Q

Are salbutamol and fenoterol short or long acting drugs?

A

Short acting (4-5 hrs) and are used for the treatment of asthma attacks.

32
Q

Name the classifications of bronchodilators and their drugs

A
  1. Adrenergic agonists
    - Salbutamol
    - Fenoterol
    - Orciprenaline
    - Isoprenaline
    - Isadrine
  2. M-cholinergic antagonists
    - Ipatropium bromide
    - Platyphilline hydrotartrate
  3. Myotropic bronchodilators
    - Theophylline
    - Aminophylline
    - Papaverine
33
Q

Which adrenergic receptors are activated by salbutamol and fenoterol? Are they selective or non selective?

A

B 2, they are selective

34
Q

Which adrenergic receptors are activated by Isadrine and orciprenaline? Are they selective or non selective?

A

B 1 and 2, they are non-selective

35
Q

Which drug is administered in an acute asthma attack?

A

epinephrine (adrenaline) hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride

36
Q

Describe the MOA of M-cholinergic antagonists as bronchodilators.

A

-↑ cGMP concentration ==> ↓ decrease Ca++ concentration that leads to smooth muscle relaxation. Inhaled ipratropium bromide is useful in patients unable to take adrenergic agonists.

37
Q

Describe the purpose of Myotropic broncholytics

A

When asthmatic symptoms cannot be controlled with adrenergic agents, Myotropic bronchodilators relieve an airflow obstruction in acute asthma and decrease the symptoms of chronic disease.

38
Q

Describe the MOA of Anti-allergic drugs

A

Crontolyn-sodium is an effective prophylactic agent which stabilizes the membrane of mast cells and prevents mediator release by blocking the calcium gate. For the use in asthma cromolyn-sodium is administered by inhalation

39
Q

Which agents are used in the treatment of pulmonary edema.?

A
  1. Drugs decreasing hydrostatic pressure in lung vessels:
    - Sodium nitroprusside and organic nitrates (nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate)
    - Ganglioblockers (Pentam inum , Benzohexonium , Hygronium )
  2. Broncholytics (E uphyllinum )
  3. Drugs with alpha-blocking properties (chlorprom azine)
  4. Opioid analgesics (m orphine hydrochloride)
  5. Corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexam ethasone)
  6. Drugs improving heart contractility:
    — Cardiac glycosides (Corglyconum , digoxin, strophanthin)
    — Non-glycoside inotropics (dobutamine)
  7. Drugs decreasing circulating blood volume:
    — Loop diuretics (furosemide, torasemide)
    — Osmotic diuretics in the conditions of tolerance to furosemide (mannitol, Urea pura)
  8. Drugs that restore normal bronchial passage due to an antifoam action
    ( vaporized alcohol).

respiratory drugs (4 decks)

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