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HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > Respiratory Diseases and Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases and Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the etiologies of a common cold (or an upper respiratory infection)?

A

rhinovirus out of about 200 rhinoviruses may be transmitted via respiratory droplets

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2
Q

What are the clinical features of a common cold (or an upper respiratory infection)?

A

S/S:
- sore throat, nasal congestion or discharge, coughing, headache, low-grade fever

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • signs and symptoms present
  • sputum and nasal discharge cultures rule out more serious conditions
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3
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a common cold (or upper respiratory infection)?

A

TREATMENT:
- cough suppressants, antihistamines, decongestants, expectorants

PROGNOSIS:
- incidence and complications higher in immunocompromised groups

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4
Q

What are the predisposing factors and etiologies of sinusitis?

A

PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
- deviated septum/nasal polyps, common cold, allergies, regular swimming

ETIOLOGIES:
- viral, fungal, or (more commonly) bacterial infection of sinuses

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5
Q

What are the clinical features of sinusitis?

A

S/S:
- pain in frontal/maxillary/ethmoid sinuses, purulent discharge, fever

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • sinus radiography may reveal fluid-filled areas
  • discharge culture may identify or rule out bacterial pathogens
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6
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of sinusitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • corticosteroids, antihistamines, decongestants, antibiotics if bacterial
  • possible sinusotomy

PROGNOSIS:
- generally good if acute

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7
Q

What are the etiologies of pharyngitis?

A

hypersensitivity, irritating agents, viral infections, sexually transmitted bacteria -> inflammation of pharynx

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8
Q

What are the clinical features of pharyngitis?

A

S/S:
- sore throat, fever, dysphonia, dysphagia, cervical lymphadenopathy

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- physical examination reveals red and swollen pharynx

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9
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of pharygnitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antiinflammatory drugs, antibiotics (if bacterial)
  • surgical resection of tonsils or adenoid gland if chronic

PROGNOSIS:

  • may respond well to treatment
  • possible complication of peritonsillar abscess
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10
Q

What are the etiologies of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

high-salt diets, EBV infection -> epithelial malignancy in nasopharyngeal cavity

*unique in that it’s not strongly linked to tobacco use

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11
Q

What are the clinical features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

S/S:
- nasal obstruction with epistaxis, otitis media, and neck mass

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • biopsy reveals histology
  • MRI, CT, and PET may reveal size and metastasis
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12
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

TREATMENT:
- radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy

PROGNOSIS:
- because NPC is usually asymptomatic until later stages, prognosis usually bad during diagnosis

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13
Q

What are the etiologies of laryngitis?

A

viral/bacterial/fungal URI, irritating agents, using voice too much -> inflammation of larynx and vocal cords

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14
Q

What are the clinical features of laryngitis?

A

S/S:
- aphonia, sore throat, dysphagia, fever, malaise

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- laryngoscopy reveals inflammation

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15
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of laryngitis?

A

TREATMENT:
- reduce causative factors, possible corticosteroids, possible antibiotics if bacterial

PROGNOSIS:
- generally good

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16
Q

What are the etiologies of a deviated septum?

A

congenital defect or getting punched in the face -> crooked nasal septum

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17
Q

What are the clinical features of a deviated septum?

A

S/S:
- mild breathing problems

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- nasal speculum may reveal crooked nasal septum

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18
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a deviated septum?

A

TREATMENT:
- rhinoplasty or septoplasty

PROGNOSIS:
- fairly good

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19
Q

What are the etiologies of nasal polyps?

A

allergic rhinitis -> overproduction of fluid in nasal mucosal epithelium -> benign polyp

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20
Q

What are the clinical features of nasal polyps?

A

S/S:
- anosmia, mild breathing difficulties, possible sinus pain

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- nasal speculum reveals polyps

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21
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of nasal polyps?

A

TREATMENT:
- surgical resection, possible rhinoplasty

PROGNOSIS:
- generally good, but likely to recur

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22
Q

What are the etiologies of anosmia?

A

intracranial tumor, olfactory nerve damage, nasal polyps, allergic rhinitis -> loss of smell with impaired taste

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23
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of anosmia?

A

TREATMENT:

  • remove nasal polyps
  • desensitization therapy (if allergic rhinitis)

PROGNOSIS:
- if neurogenic, probably lifelong

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24
Q

What are the etiologies of epistaxis?

A

URIs, sinusitis, direct trauma, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coagulopathy -> nosebleed

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25
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of epistaxis?

A

TREATMENT:
- apply pressure, rhino rocket, cauterization, sclerosing therapy, possible ligation

PROGNOSIS:
- generally good

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26
Q

What are the etiologies of benign laryngeal tumors?

A

using voice too much, acid reflux, and tobacco use -> papilloma and polyp of larynx

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27
Q

What are the clinical features of benign laryngeal tumors?

A

S/S:
- dysphonia, possible stridor

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • laryngoscopy reveals polyp or papilloma
  • biopsy reveals histology
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28
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of benign laryngeal tumors?

A

TREATMENT:
- surgical excision of polyp/papilloma

PROGNOSIS:
- varies if benign or malignant

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29
Q

What are the etiologies of laryngeal cancer?

A

chronic alcohol or tobacco use, HPV infection, asbestos, being >60 years old -> squamous cell carcinoma of larynx

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30
Q

What are the clinical features of laryngeal cancer?

A

S/S:
- hoarseness, dysphagia, cough, referred ear pain, stridor

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • fiberoptic endoscopy and panendoscopy reveals tumors
  • biopsy reveals histology
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31
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of laryngeal cancer?

A

TREATMENT:
- partial laryngectomy or total laryngectomy (impairs speech and swallowing) or chemoradiation therapy

PROGNOSIS:
- best if diagnosed early, but other primary cancers likely to develop due to alcohol/tobacco use

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32
Q

What are the etiologies of hemoptysis?

A

trauma, tumors, congestive heart failure, coagulopathy, inflammatory conditions, and infections -> spitting up bloody sputum

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33
Q

What are the clinical features of hemoptysis?

A

S/S:
- spitting or coughing up bloody sputum

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • rhinoscopy, endoscopy, and pulmonary angiography can help reveal source of bleeding
  • coagulation studies may suggest decreased clotting factors (if coagulopathy)
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34
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of hemoptysis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antibiotics and cough suppressants if minor
  • ligation of involved vessels if severe

PROGNOSIS
- in 75% of cases, hemoptysis usually doesn’t indicate severe disease

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35
Q

What are the etiologies of atelectasis?

A

mucous plug, foreign body, or tumor -> obstruction of bronchial tree

tumor compresses lungs -> lungs unable to expand fully (compressive)

inflammation leads to increased intrapleural fluid -> lung unable to expand fully (pleural effusion)

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36
Q

What are the clinical features of atelectasis?

A

S/S:
- dyspnea, possible cyanosis, substernal retraction

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • auscultation reveals diminished breathing
  • chest radiography reveals mediastinal shift towards collapse
  • bronchoscopy may identify foreign object if obstructive
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37
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for atelectasis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • airway suctioning (if obstructive)
  • antibiotics and surgical drainage (if pleural effusion)
  • analgesics for chest pain

PROGNOSIS:
- complications may include pneumonia

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38
Q

What are the etiologies of a pulmonary embolism?

A

thrombi, air, fat globules, tissue clumps, or bacterial clusters moves to right heart -> occlusion of pulmonary artery

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39
Q

What are the clinical features of a pulmonary embolism?

A

S/S:
-dyspnea, chest pain, possible tachypnea, possible cyanosis and shock

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • CT angiography reveals poor pulmonary circulation
  • Echocardiogram may reveal impaired right-sided heart and pulmonary artery function
  • Auscultation reveals pleural rub and rales
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40
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a pulmonary embolism?

A

TREATMENT:

  • oxygen therapy, anticoagulants
  • compression stockings may prevent thrombi

PROGNOSIS:
- generally good if mild, but high mortality rate with massive PE

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41
Q

What are the etiologies of pneumonia?

A
  • (if bacterial): staphylococci, group A hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, Haemophilus influenza, Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • (if atypical): chlamydia, legionella, mycoplasma
  • (if viral): adenoviruses, influenza type A/B, respiratory syncytial viruses
  • > general inflammation of lungs
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42
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumonia?

A

S/S:
- fever, cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, bloody sputum, chest pains, tachypnea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiography reveals dense opaque area
  • sputum and blood cultures can be positive for suspected pathogens
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43
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of pneumonia?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals if bacterial, viral, or fungal
  • analgesics and oxygen therapy

PROGNOSIS:
- usually good in healthy individuals, but higher mortality rates are seen in chronically ill groups

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44
Q

What are the etiologies of a pulmonary abscess?

A

bacterial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, or septic emboli -> pus cell forms in lungs

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45
Q

What are the clinical features of a pulmonary abscess?

A

S/S:
- alternating chills and fever, chest pain, cough, bloody/purulent sputum

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiography reveals abscess
  • blood and sputum cultures may identify causative bacteria
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46
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a pulmonary abscess?

A

TREATMENT:
- antibiotics and resection of abscess

PROGNOSIS:
- good in healthy individuals, but high mortality rates seen in chronically-ill groups

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47
Q

What are the etiologies of legionellosis?

A

Legionella pneumophila bacterium reproduce in body-temperature waters -> transmitted via aerosolized water droplets

48
Q

What are the clinical features of Legionellosis?

A

S/S:

  • (if Pontiac fever, early onset and short duration) high fever, myalgia
  • (if Legionnaire’s, later onset and longer duration) fever, myalgia, chest pain, dyspnea, vomiting, diarrhea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiography reveals dense opaque area
  • blood studies indicate elevated WBC and ESR
  • sputum cultures positive for Legionella pneumophilus
49
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of Legionellosis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • doxycycline or erythromycin if mild, azithromycin or levofloxacin if severe
  • analgesics, antipyretics, antiemetics

PROGNOSIS:
- usually good with treatment in healthy individuals, but guarded in immunocompromised groups

50
Q

What are the etiologies of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia?

A

respiratory syncytial virus transmitted via respiratory droplets -> infects lungs, reproduces more freely in infants and seniors

51
Q

What are the clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia?

A

S/S:
- nasal congestion, coughing, fever, dyspnea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- nasal lavage positive for RSV cultures

52
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia?

A

TREATMENT:
- antipyretics, oxygen therapy

PROGNOSIS:
- pretty good

53
Q

What are the etiologies of histoplasmosis?

A

Histoplasma capsulatum fungus transmitted via dust inhalation -> reproduces in lungs

54
Q

What are the clinical features of histoplasmosis?

A

S/S:

  • initially asymptomatic
  • dyspnea, fever, extreme lethargy

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiographs reveal pulmonary opacity
  • blood tests identify histoplasma capsulatum
55
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of histoplasmosis?

A

TREATMENT:
- antifungal drugs

PROGNOSIS:
- usually self-limiting, but fatal if progressive

56
Q

What are the etiologies of influenza?

A

orthomyxovirus A/B/C transmitted via respiratory droplets -> incubates for 1-3 days

57
Q

What are the clinical features of influenza?

A

S/S:
- fever, headache, sore throat, coughing, malaise, myalgia

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- nasopharyngeal culture will be positive for orthomyxovirus A/B/C

58
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of influenza?

A

TREATMENT:

-

59
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of influenza?

A

TREATMENT:

  • vaccine-preventable
  • antipyretics/analgesics may help relieve symptoms

PROGNOSIS:

  • generally self-limiting, but older and immunocompromised populations face increased mortality
  • risk of Reye’s syndrome with aspirin
60
Q

What are the etiologies of chronic bronchitis?

A

bacterial infection or frequent smoking -> progressive deformity of bronchi

61
Q

What are the clinical features of chronic bronchitis?

A

S/S:
- (progressive) productive cough, dyspnea, upper chest pain

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • rales heard during auscultation
  • rule out pneumonia via chest radiography
62
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for chronic bronchitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • treat against causative pathogens
  • postural drainage, low-oxygen therapy, aerosolized corticosteroids

PROGNOSIS:
- guarded

63
Q

What are the etiologies of bronchiectasis?

A

cystic fibrosis, childhood pulmonary infections, recurrent airway infections
-> dilated and distorted bronchi

64
Q

What are the clinical features of bronchiectasis?

A

S/S:
- productive cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, halitosis

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- hi-res CT and chest radiography show dilated bronchi

65
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of bronchiectasis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antibiotics if bacterial
  • bronchodilators, postural drainage, acapella therapy

PROGNOSIS:

  • varies with cause
  • complications include cor pulmonale and pulmonary hypertension
66
Q

What are some contributing factors of emphysema?

A

frequent smoking, chemical irritants, recurrent pulmonary infections -> damaged and dilated alveoli leading to poor CO2 diffusion

67
Q

What are the clinical features of emphysema?

A

S/S:
- (insidious) barrel chest, dyspnea, tachypnea, circumoral cyanosis

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • pulmonary function tests reveal poor expiratory maneuver volumes
  • chest radiography reveals translucent lungs
  • auscultation reveals rhonchi
68
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of emphysema?

A

TREATMENT:

  • low-oxygen therapy
  • beta2-adrenergic sympathomimetic drugs (albuterol) and inhaled corticosteroids

PROGNOSIS:
- poor

69
Q

What are the etiologies of pneumoconiosis?

A

continual asbestos exposure (asbestosis), coal exposure (anthracosis), or silica exposure (silicosis) -> dust in lungs impacts gas exchange

70
Q

What are the clinical features of pneumoconiosis?

A

S/S:
- dyspnea, nonproductive cough to productive cough

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- chest radiography reveals scarring and possible dust deposition

71
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of pneumoconiosis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • beta2-adrenergic sympathomimetic drugs, inhaled corticosteroids, oxygen therapy
  • possible lung transplant

PROGNOSIS:
- damage is irreversible, increased risk of lung cancer

72
Q

What are the etiologies of pleuritis?

A

infections or trauma -> pleural effusion (wet) or decreased pleural fluid with congestion and edema (dry)

73
Q

What are the clinical features of pleuritis?

A

S/S:
- sharp pain with inspiration, cough, fever, chills

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • auscultation reveals pleural rub
  • chest radiography or CT indicates if wet or dry
74
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of pleuritis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antibiotics (if bacterial)
  • analgesics, chest splinting, thoracostomy

PROGNOSIS:

  • pretty good
  • possible sequela of pleural adhesions
75
Q

What are the etiologies of a pneumothorax?

A
  • (if spontaneous) alveoli disease, lungs over-expand and tears
  • (if traumatic) stab wound, gunshot wound, or crushing wound results in lung penetration
  • > positive interpleural pressure
76
Q

What are the clinical features of a pneumothorax?

A

S/S:
- anxiety, dyspnea, intense chest pain, falling blood pressure and rapid/weak pulse

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- chest radiographs reveal mediastinal shift and air in pleural cavity

77
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a pneumothorax?

A

TREATMENT:
- Fowler position, dressing wound if traumatic, thoracostomy

PROGNOSIS:
- varies with degree of collapse and time to receive care

78
Q

What are the etiologies of a hemothorax?

A

trauma, blood vessel rupture, or coagulopathy -> hemorrhaging WITHIN pleural cavity

79
Q

What are the clinical features of a hemothorax?

A

S/S:
- anxiety, chest pains, dyspnea, falling blood pressure, rapid/weak pulse

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS”
- chest radiographs show blood in pleural cavity

80
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a pneumothorax?

A

TREATMENT:
- Fowler position, thoracostomy
PROGNOSIS:
- guarded based on extent of injury and time to get treated

81
Q

What are the etiologies of a flail chest?

A

direct trauma -> fracture of three or more ribs

82
Q

What are the clinical features of a flail chest?

A

S/S:
- paradoxical breathing, dyspnea, cyanosis, extreme anxiety, severe pain

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- chest radiography confirms rib fractures

83
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of a flail chest?

A

TREATMENT:

  • endotracheal tube with mechanical ventilation
  • rib fixation

PROGNOSIS:
- best with prompt treatment

84
Q

What are the etiologies of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmitted via droplet nuclei -> caseous necrosis and fibrosis -> TB inactive for years

85
Q

What are the clinical features of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

S/S:
- fever, lethargy, nonproductive to productive cough, weight loss, chest pain, hemoptysis

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • Mantoux text indicates TB antibodies
  • chest radiography reveals tubercules
  • sputum culture positive for tuberculosis
86
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • isoniazid
  • rifampin, ethambutol, or pyrazinamide

PROGNOSIS:
- excellent with early treatment

87
Q

What is the etiology of mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr virus orally transmitted via saliva or blood -> infects WBC

88
Q

What are the clinical features of mononucleosis?

A

S/S:
- lymphadenopathy, fever, sore throat, fatigue, coated tonsils

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • blood smear reveals atypical WBC
  • serum test reveals EBV antibodies
89
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of mononucleosis?

A

TREATMENT:
- antipyretics and bed rest during acute phase

PROGNOSIS:
- recovery complete within 3 to 4 months

90
Q

What are the etiologies of adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

other pathology causes cell injury -> inflammatory processes leads to further injury -> alveoli fills with fluid and collapses

91
Q

What are the clinical features of adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

S/S:
- (sudden onset) severe hypoxemia, cyanosis, dyspnea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • auscultation reveals rhonchi and rales
  • arterial blood gas tests reveals hypercapnia and acidosis
  • chest radiographs reveal bilateral alveolar infiltration
92
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome?

A

TREATMENT:

  • treat underlying pathology
  • suction airways if needed, establish airways, low oxygen supplementation
  • mechanical ventilation with PEEP

PROGNOSIS:
- guarded, but 60-75% may recover without complications

93
Q

What are the etiologies of sarcoidosis?

A

(unclear) genetic factors, immunologic disorder, viral disorder -> multisystem granulomas (small lesions of inflammation)

94
Q

What are the clinical features of sarcoidosis?

A

S/S:
- asymptomatic OR nonproductive cough, mild chest pain, joint pain, weight loss, fever

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- granulomas often found incidentally through chest radiography or CT

95
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of sarcoidosis?

A

TREATMENT:
- generally not needed. but corticosteroids may relieve symptoms

PROGNOSIS:
- spontaneous resolution in >90% of cases within 1 year

96
Q

What are the etiologies of lung cancer?

A

cigarette smoking, second-hand smoking, air pollution -> small cell lung cancer (SCLC, almost exclusive to smokers) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

97
Q

What are the clinical features of lung cancer?

A

S/S:
- chronic cough, possible hemoptysis, dyspnea, weight loss, chest pain

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiography and CT may identify tumor size and metastasis
  • biopsy reveals histology
  • NSCLC staged with TNM, while SCLC is either limited or extensive
98
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer?

A

TREATMENT:
- surgical resection, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy with combined chemoradiation therapy

PROGNOSIS:

  • 5-year survival rate is just 15%
  • high risk of brain or bone metastasis
99
Q

What are the etiologies of croup?

A

viral or bacterial infection of larynx, trachea, and bronchi in children -> edema, vocal cord spasm

100
Q

What are the clinical features of croup?

A

S/S:
- fever, sore throat, stridor, high-pitched cough, dyspnea, circumoral cyanosis

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • blood and throat cultures may help identify pathogen
  • laryngoscopy distinguishes from epiglottitis
101
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis for croup?

A

TREATMENT:

  • antibiotics if bacterial
  • antipyretics

PROGNOSIS:
- greaat with prompt intervention

102
Q

What are the etiologies of epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) infection or thermal injury to epiglottitis -> edema

103
Q

What are the clinical features of epiglottis

A

S/S:
- sore throat, cough, fever, stridor, dyspnea from laryngeal obstruction

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- radiography of neck and endotracheal intubation may reveal epiglottis inflammation

104
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of epiglottis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • establish airway with tracheostomy or endotracheal intubation
  • antibiotics if bacterial

PROGNOSIS:
- good with treatment, risk of asphyxiation without

105
Q

What are the etiologies of acute tonsillitis?

A

usually group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of tonsils

106
Q

What are the clinical features of acute tonsillitis?

A

S/S:
- severe throat, fever, chills, cough, joint pain, exudate from tonsil crypts, submandibular lymphadenopathy

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • throat culture may be positive for streptococcal infection
  • blood tests show elevated WBCs
107
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of acute tonsilitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • penicillin if streptococcal
  • possible tonsillectomy

PROGNOSIS:
- good with therapy

108
Q

What are the etiologies of adenoid hyperplasia?

A

genetic factors, hypersensitivity, recurrent infections -> enlarged adenoid glands

109
Q

What are the clinical features of adenoid hyperplasia?

A

S/S:
- snoring, nasally voice, conductive hearing loss

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- nasopharyngoscopy or radiography reveals enlarged adenoid

110
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of adenoid hyperplasia?

A

TREATMENT:
- possible adenoidectomy

PROGNOSIS:
- good to treatment

111
Q

What are the etiologies of asthma?

A

hereditary factors -> bronchial hypersensitivity -> mucous secretion, edema, and bronchospasm in response to allergens OR stress/heavy exercise

112
Q

What are the clinical features of asthma?

A

S/S:
- (sudden and acute) productive or nonproductive cough, wheezing, tachypnea and dyspnea

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:

  • chest radiography during asthma attack may reveal hyperinflated lungs
  • blood tests reveal elevated IgE
113
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of asthma?

A

TREATMENT:

  • beta2-adrenergic sympathomimetic drugs (albuterol)
  • possible

PROGNOSIS:
- poor is status asthmaticus

114
Q

What’s are etiologies of bronchiolitis?

A

respiratory syncytial virus transmitted via respiratory droplets -> inflammation of bronchioles

115
Q

What are the clinical features of bronchiolitis?

A

S/S:
- cough, fever, posttussive emesis, possible apnea in infant

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS:
- viral culture may help determine pathogen

116
Q

What’s the treatment and prognosis of bronchiolitis?

A

TREATMENT:

  • albuterol, epinephrine, or hypertonic saline via nebulizer
  • possible supplemental oxygen

PROGNOSIS:

  • good with prompt treatment
  • linked with higher chance of asthma

HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (13 decks)

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