Pediatric Diseases and Disorders Flashcards
Preterm Labor
ETIOLOGY: hypertension, trauma, amniotic sac rupture, malformed uterus, certain teratogens, previous pregnancies, or idiopathic (often unknown)
S/S: labor before 36th week of gestation, underdeveloped fetus, fetus can weigh less than 12oz
TREATMENT: possible glucocorticoids to speed up fetal development
PROGNOSIS: varies. GI, respiratory, and cardiovascular issues possible with the baby :O
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)
ETIOLOGY: alveolar surfactant is produced during late weeks of gestation. Premature baby is born without surfactant, alveolar sacs have increased surface tension and unable to expand
S/S: dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, low O2 saturation
TREATMENT: mechanical ventilation, oxygen supplementation
PROGNOSIS: okay with treatment. Possible complications of intellectual developmental disorder and cerebral palsy
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
ETIOLOGY: (often sequela of IRDS) overinflation and insult to bronchioles and alveoli leads to scarring
S/S: tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, possible cyanosis, possible low O2 saturation
TREATMENT: support bronchiole repair through nutrition, diuretics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators
PROGNOSIS: better with recent advancements in treatment :D. possible complications include IDD, cerebral palsy, hypertension
Retrolental Fibroplasia
ETIOLOGY: (iatrogenic) choroid blood vessels one of last structures to develop in gestation. Oxygen supplementation in preterm babies stimulates abnormal angiogenesis.
S/S: Impaired visual acuity, abnormal vascularization of retina seen with ophthalmoscope
TREATMENT: possible laser closure anterior to vascular shunt
PROGNOSIS: spontaneous resolution possible, good with treatment. Possible sequelae include nystagmus (lazy eye), strabismus, glaucoma, and retinal detachment
Necrotizing Enteritis
ETIOLOGY: abnormal blood flow to mucousal layer of intestines leads to impaired function and increased risk of opportunistic infections
S/S: weight loss, abdominal distension, feeding issues, bloody stools
TREATMENT: hyperalimentation via IV fluids, prophylactic antibiotics, ileostomy or colostomy,
PROGNOSIS: high mortality rate. Possible complications of malabsorption syndrome and septic shock.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
ETIOLOGY: idiopathic. possibly linked to prone position sleeping, prematurity, maternal age, secondhand smoking
S/S: baby dies, in sleep, without apparent cause
TREATMENT: none available :(
PROGNOSIS: if baby survives, episode likely to recur
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
ETIOLOGY: linked to maternal release of relaxin, a ligament-softening hormone, or breech position
S/S: femur displaced from acetabulum, reduced hip abduction
TREATMENT: surgical repair, orthopedic intervention.
PROGNOSIS: good with treatment
Cleft Palate/Lip
ETIOLOGY: (inherited in autosomal recessive pattern)
S/S: abnormal slit or opening in roof of mouth or lips
TREATMENT: surgical repair
PROGNOSIS: good with treatment
Club Foot (Talipedis Equinovarus)
ETIOLOGY: (possible genetic factors or fetal position)
S/S: inward bend of feet, abnormal plantarflexion
TREATMENT: surgical repair
PROGNOSIS: good with treatment.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
ETIOLOGY: chronic maternal alcohol use affects fetal circulation and leads to impaired development
S/S: small eyes, wide-set eyes, thin upper lip, possible cardiac defects, possible IDD, delayed growth
TREATMENT: surgical repairment of any defects
PROGNOSIS: varies on extent of neural damage.
Down Syndrome
ETIOLOGY: nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during gamete formation leads to inherited trisomy 21
S/S: downward slanted eyes, short and flat nose, coarse tongue, short stature, genital dysplasia, some form of cognitive impairment, possible cardiac defects
TREATMENT: surgical repair of cardiac defects, special education
PROGNOSIS: life expectancy of around 55 years due to increased risk of severe respiratory infections and leukemia
Turner’s Syndrome
ETIOLOGY: nondisjunction of X chromosome leads to inheritance of only one X chromosome
S/S: dwarfism, delayed speech development, webbed neck, ovary dysgenesis, amenorrhea
TREATMENT: estrogen and growth hormone therapy
PROGNOSIS: good. possible complications of cardiac and kidney disorders
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome (XXY Syndrome)
ETIOLOGY: nondisjunction of X chromosome leads to inheritance of extra X chromosomes
S/S: reduced muscle development, azoospermia, 50% of enlarged mammary glands, underdeveloped testes
TREATMENT: testosterone hormone therapy
PROGNOSIS: good. increased risk of behavioral and learning disabilities. complications can include autoimmune disorders and osteoporosis
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
ETIOLOGY: (autosomal recessive) absence of enzyme necessary for converting phenylalanine amino acid into tyrosine leads to hyperphenylalaninemia
S/S: irritability, personality disorders, musty urine smell
TREATMENT: phenylalanine-free diet
PROGNOSIS: excellent with treatment. complication of brain damage if treatment delayed
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
ETIOLOGY: (autosomal recessive) abnormally thick mucus leads to obstruction of bronchioles and exocrine glands
S/S: dyspnea, paroxysmal cough, pneumonia, vomiting,
TREATMENT: high-calorie and high-NaCl diet, vitamin supplementation, pancreatic enzyme supplementation, aggressive antibiotics if infections occur
PROGNOSIS: considered fatal with life expectancy around 40s. infertility common
Robinow Syndrome
ETIOLOGY: (autosomal dominant or recessive) impaired cartilage and bone development
S/S: short stature, shortened lower arms, bulging forehead (frontal bossing), vertbral defects, genital hypoplasia
TREATMENT: surgical reconstruction of certain abnormal structures
PROGNOSIS: normal lifespan expectancy. risk of psychosocial issues
Diphtheria (Cornyebacterium diphtheria)
ETIOLOGY: Cornyebacterium diptheriae transmitted via respiratory tract and incubates for 2-5 days. Diptheria exotoxin released and inhibits protein synthesis
S/S: sore throat, dysphagia, fever, chills, possible cyanosis
TREATMENT: diptheria antitoxin and penicillin or erythromycin
PROGNOSIS: good with treatment. risks/complications include myocarditis, paralysis, pneumonia, otitis media
Tetanus (Clostridium tetanus)
ETIOLOGY: anaerobic Clostridium tetani bacteria enters through skin lesion, incubates for about a week, releases tetanus toxin that prevents inhibitory neurotransmitters
S/S: fever, irritability, lockjaw, opisthotonos
TREATMENT: muscle relaxants, tetanus toxoid booster injection, human tetanus immune globulin
PROGNOSIS: 35% mortality rate. possible complication of asphyxiation
Whooping Cough (Bordetella pertussis)
ETIOLOGY: Bordetella pertussis bacteria targets respiratory tract and can release mucosal-damaging toxins
S/S: catarrhal stage (cold symptoms) to paroxysmal stage (violent coughing and vomiting thick mucous) to convalescent stage (recovering)
TREATMENT: erythromycin
PROGNOSIS: good with treatment, fatal without. risks/complications include pneumonia, convulsions, hemorrhages
Measles
ETIOLOGY: Morbillivirus genus of paramyxovirus family transmitted through respiratory tract and incubates for 8-12 days
S/S: progressive systemic rash, pruritis, fever, photophobia, chills, Koplik spots on oral mucousa
TREATMENT: acetaminophen
PROGNOSIS: lasts for 7-10 days, good. risks/complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis
Mumps (epidemic parotitis)
ETIOLOGY: paramyxovirus transmitted through respiratory tract, incubated for 2-3 weeks, and often targets parotid glands
S/S: swollen and enlarged neck, low-grade fever, muscle aches, male testicular pain
TREATMENT: acetaminophen with warm/cold compress
PROGNOSIS: recovery likely. risks/complications include orchitis with possible sterility, meningitis, encephalitis
Rubella (German Measles/Rubeola)
ETIOLOGY: Rubella virus transmitted through respiratory tract and incubates for 2-3 weeks
S/S: progressive systemic rash, fever, joint pain, enlarged lymph nodes
TREATMENT: analgesics
PROGNOSIS: good. risks/complications include arthritis, myocarditis, congenital rubella syndrome to offspring if pregnant
Chickenpox (Varicella zoster)
ETIOLOGY: varicella zoster virus transmitted through respiratory tract or skin lesion and incubates for 2-3 weeks
S/S: macules to papules to vesicles (may rupture), fever, malaise, anorexia
TREATMENT: cornstarch bath with acetaminophen (ASPIRIN MAY CAUSE REYE SYNDROME)
PROGNOSIS: recovery good. risks/complications include future herpes zoster, Reye syndrome, secondary bacterial infection, and pneumonia
