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Animal Diseases 2 > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What areas are considered the upper respiratory tract vs the lower respiratory tract

A

Upper: trachea and up

Lower: below the trachea

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of respiratory conditions

A

Mechanical
Allergic
Infectious
Prevention of inflation/air exchange

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3
Q

Define atelectasis

A

Collapsing of the lungs

(Recumbency for too long)

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4
Q

Define hemothorax

A

Blood in the thorax/pleural space

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5
Q

Define pleural effusion

A

Fluid around the lung in the pleural space

(Heart failure, pulmonary hypertension)

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6
Q

Define pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lung

Alveoli get thicker and inflammatory cells fill the alveoli

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7
Q

Define pneumothorax

A

Air in the thorax

(Traumatic puncture, ruptured diaphragm, hernia/defect, loss of vacuum)

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8
Q

Define pulmonary edema

A

Fluid in the lung/alveoli

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9
Q

Who is tracheal collapse common in

A

Little dogs
Brachycephalics
Pomeranians
Chihuahuas
Poodles

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10
Q

What is the pathology of tracheal collapse

A

The cartilage is not as strong or C shaped as normal so it collapses more easily when they breathe (membrane on the back is stretched out)

Progressive

Can occur anywhere on the trachea

Dynamic

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11
Q

What is the presentation of tracheal collapse

A

History of goose honking cough (during excitement) (may be confused with kennel cough)

Respiratory distress

Palpation: induces cough

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12
Q

What is the treatment of tracheal collapse

A

Depends on dog, severity, and location on the trachea

Keep calm
Antitussives
Sedation
Bronchodilators
Oxygen support
Stents

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13
Q

How can you prevent tracheal collapse

A

Harness for walking
Dental hygiene
maintain BCS
Selective breeding
Avoid over heating
Controlled activity/excitement

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14
Q

What are the precautions of anesthesia with tracheal collapse

A

Careful with ETT size selection

May exacerbate collapse distal to the ETT

At very high risk during anesthesia the more severe the condition is

ETT tube will hold open trachea but it will not help if it is lower than the tube

Must monitor oxygenation closely during and after intubation

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15
Q

What is brachycephalic syndrome

A

Mechanical respiratory disease if squishy faced dogs and cats (pugs, bulldogs, terriers, himalayans, Persians)

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16
Q

What causes brachycephalic syndrome

A

Largely due to facial conformation

Elongated soft palate
Thickened tongue
Stenotic nares
Hypoplastic trachea (narrower)
Everted laryngeal saccules

All decreases airflow

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of brachycephalic syndrome

A

Noises breathing on inspiration (stertor)
Retching or gagging
Constant open mouth breathing
Exercise intolerance
Cyanosis
Collapse

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18
Q

What is the treatment and prevention of brachycephalic syndrome

A

Selective breeding
Weight control
Harness for walking
Prevent overheating
Surgical correction of features

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19
Q

What are some things that can make brachycephalic syndrome worse

A

Obesity
Heat stroke
Cardiac disease

High risk of asphyxiation under GA (don’t maintain with masking)

20
Q

What is an allergen

A

Things that don’t cause harm but turn in the immune system to mount a response against it

21
Q

What are the signs of allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)

A

Upper airway disease

Itchy and red eyes
Sneezing
Coughing

22
Q

What is the treatment for allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)

A

Antihistamines

Allergen avoidance

Sensitization (only works with environmental allergens, not food allergies)

23
Q

What is the pathology behind allergic rhinotracheitis (hay fever)

A

Narrowing of the airway: more/thicker mucus, swelling of mucosa, bronchoconstriction due to muscles tichhtening

Inflammation (neutrophils and macrophages) -increased inflammatory cells, increased fluids, decreased elasticity

24
Q

What is the pathology behind feline asthma

A

Allergen triggers immune response

Inflammation results in increased mucus secretion, thickening of mucosa bronchoconstriction, fluid and increased cells in alveoli

Decreased air movement and exchange

25
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline asthma

A

Coughing/gagging
Wheezing
Lethargy
Exercise intolerance
Fibrosis of the lungs

26
Q

What is the treatment of feline asthma

A

Drugs: antihistamines (not always used), steroids (anti inflammatory) and bronchodilators (opens things up)

Environmental control (allergen avoidance)

Oxygen support

27
Q

What is the respiratory disease triad

A

Environmental factors

Infectious agents

Patient factors (immune system/health based)

28
Q

What is the pathology behind kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex)

A

The virus(es) infect the URT

Virus and inflammatory cells cause damage to the URT

Results in damage to mucosa and mucociliary elevator (can cause secondary infections)

29
Q

What are the signs of kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex)

A

Hacking dry cough, gagging

Coughing many times in a row

30
Q

What is the treatment of kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex)

A

Isolation
Nursing care
Antitussives
+/- antibiotics with pneumonia

31
Q

How do you prevent kennel cough (canine infectious respiratory disease complex)

A

Vaccination (DA2PP, bordetella etc)

32
Q

What are the 3 types of bordetella vaccines available

A

Live intranasal
Live oral
Killed injectable

33
Q

Where is canine influenza seen

A

Original disease from 2004, started in the states

Seen in racing greyhounds

Non-core vaccine here

Thought to come from equine influenza virus

34
Q

What diseases are included in feline upper respiratory disease (FURD)

A

Feline herpes virus
Feline calicivirus

35
Q

What is the pathology behind FURD

A

very contagious

Both cause upper respiratory disease
-herpes virus effects the eyes (keratoconjunctivitis)
-calicivirus causes ulcerations(kittens) and stomatitis (old cats) in the mount

May see secondary bacterial infections (immunosuppression) or latent infections

Nasal turbinate destruction of chronic

36
Q

What are the signs of FURD

A

coughing
Sneezing
Runny nose (clear or cloudy discharge, will spray from nose when sneezing)
Runny eyes
Fever
Depression
Anorexia (cats stop eating when they are sick)

37
Q

How do you prevent FURD

A

vaccination (FVRCP)
Isolate
Disinfect

38
Q

What is pneumonia

A

Inflammation of the lung most commonly by infections but can also be sterile (most common in SK is blastomycosis)

39
Q

What does pneumonia cause in the lungs

A

Inflammation causes:

Bronchoconstriction

Increased bronchial secretions (protective mechanism)

Thickening of alveoli

Fluid in alveoli

Chronic fibrosis

Lesions in the lungs look like tumors

40
Q

What is aspiration pneumonia

A

Inhalation of a liquid or solid causing pneumonia (often from mouth or stomach)

41
Q

What are the risk factors for aspiration pneumonia

A

Aspiration under GA

forced feeding = aspiration

Megaesophagus (regurgitation -glottis is not covered)

Chronic vomiting/regurgitation

Cleft palate or oronasal fistula

Not fasting before GA

Movement while under GA

42
Q

What are the consequences of aspiration

A

Inflammation (bacterial or chemical)

Asphyxiation (large volumes)

43
Q

What is the prognosis of aspiration pneumonia

A

Not great, depends on what was aspirated and how much

44
Q

How do you prevent aspiration pneumonia

A

Anesthesia: fasting, ETT size and cuff inflation, timing of removal, patient positioning

Stomach tube: ensure tube is in stomach, pinch the tube when you remove it

Megaesophagus: feeding in upright position

Treat primary cause of vomiting or regurgitation

45
Q

What are some respiratory issues that cause decreased ventilation

A

Airway obstruction

Lungs can’t inflate -something in the pleural space

Fluid accumulated in airways

Physical trauma

46
Q

What are signs of a respiratory emergency

A

Cyanosis (60% SPO2)
Open mouth breathing
Choking/coughing
Rapid breathing with abdominal involvement
Dyspnea with HBC/chest wounds/abnormal lung sounds/CHF
SPO2 <90%
Loss of consciousness
Abnormal lung sounds
Contusions
Abnormal Mucus membranes

47
Q

How do you respond to respiratory emergencies

A

Call the vet
Get someone to take a history

Conscious: 100% O2 flow by or chamber

Unconscious: intubate with 100% O2

Animal Diseases 2 (4 decks)

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