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Animal Diseases 2 > Joint Diseases > Flashcards

Joint Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two categories of joint diseases

A

Mechanical (dysplasia, ligament rupture)

Affecting articulate cartilage (OCD, DJD)

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2
Q

What is Hip Dysplasia? Who is it common in?

A

A congenital malformation of the hip (coxofemoral) joint

Most common in large breed dogs (90% of English bulldogs)

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3
Q

What do you see on X-ray with hip dysplasia

A

The acetabulum should surround/cover 50% of the femoral head, there should be smooth narrowing from the head to the body of the femur

You would not see the 50% coverage (shallow hip) and the femoral head is often not round and the smoothness of the bone is lost

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4
Q

What can the progression of hip dysplasia lead to

A

Stress on the joints causes it to worsen

Wear and tear can result in osteoarthritis

Lack of stability, mobility issues, pain, lameness

Subluxation to luxation

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5
Q

True or false
When hip dysplasia is seen in young dogs it is over more severe than it is in older dogs

A

True

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6
Q

What are the causes of hip dysplasia

A

Polygenetic inherited condition

Environmental risk factors (too rapid weight gain during growth, high BCS, prior hip injuries, OCD)

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7
Q

What is the Medical management and pain management for hip dysplasia

A

Controlled low impact exercise
Rest
Weight control
Joint supplements
NSAIDs
Physical therapy
Surgery

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8
Q

What are the surgical options for young patients with hip dysplasia

A

Triple pelvic osteotomy (rotates acetabulum

Juvenile pubic symphysoidesis

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9
Q

What are the surgical options for older patients with hip dysplasia

A

Total hip replacements (gold standard)

Femoral head osteotomy

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10
Q

How can you prevent hip dysplasia

A

Selective breeding
Appropriate diet selection
Avoid severe, intense exercise especially with large breed puppies
Weight control

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11
Q

What is the orthopedic foundation for animals

A

The foundation that can diagnose or certify animals with or without hip dysplasia

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12
Q

What is elbow dysplasia

A

A congenital inherited malformation of the elbow

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13
Q

What are the 4 different forms of elbow dysplasia

A

1) fragmented medial coronoid progress

2) un-united anconceal process (fails to fuse) (this is why you need a flex X-ray view)

3) joint incongruity (something causes the bones to grow at different rates, fractures, injuries to the growth plates) -puzzle pieces don’t fit

4) osteochondritis dissecans of the distal humerus (inflammation and irregularities of the joint)

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14
Q

Describe the clinical onset and presentation of elbow dysplasia

A

Age of onset depends on severity

Mild changes usually present in older animals (arthritis)

Severe changes present in young animals (mechanical issues cause pain and lameness) (surgery is an option)

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15
Q

What are the causes of elbow dysplasia

A

Genetics

Environmental factors (growing too fast when young, obesity, prior injury, OCD)

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16
Q

How is elbow dysplasia diagnosed

A

Radiographs, CT, scopes

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17
Q

What is the surgical treatment for elbow dysplasia

A

Repair the abnormal Anatomy

Clean up the joint, remove cartilage fragments if OCD

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18
Q

What is the medical management/pain of elbow dysplasia

A

NSAIDs
Joint supplements
Physical therapy
Rest and controlled exercise
Weight control
Surgery

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19
Q

How do you prevent elbow dysplasia

A

Selective breeding
Appropriate diets
Prevent injury
Weight control

20
Q

What is patellar luxation

A

Slipping kneecaps

Commonly seen in tiny dogs; toy, miniature, small breeds

Occasionally seen in cats

In small dogs it is often a medial luxation, in large dogs it is usually lateral

The groove that holds the patella tends to not be as deep as normal allowing the patella to slip out of place

21
Q

What do owners often describe happens with patella luxation

A

Animals will be walking normally and then kick out to the side (this knocks it back into place)

And abnormal walking

22
Q

What is the progression of patella luxation

A

Congenital, chronic, progressive

Starts with patella slipping, and will eventually lead to arthritis

23
Q

What are some complications of patellar luxation

A

Pain when bone is rubbing on bone

Arthritis

Increased risk of cruciate ligament rupture

24
Q

When is surgery indicated to correct patellar luxation

A

If they are in pain or if there is ruptured ligaments

Surgery involved making the groove deeper

25
Q

What are the causes of cruciate ligament rupture/injury

A

Degenerative disease (60-80% chance of doing it to the other joint)

Trauma

Can be made worse with obesity

26
Q

What is the diagnosis of cranial cruciate ligament injuries

A

Cranial drawer side

Tibial thrust

Radiographs

May or may not need sedation

27
Q

What do animals with cranial cruciate ligament injuries present with

A

Waxing and waning lameness to non weight bearing

Not an emergency

28
Q

What is the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injuries in small dogs

A

Rest
NSAIDs
Physical therapy

Will develop arthritis and take a long time to recover, as well as risk of doing it to other side

29
Q

What is the treatment for large dogs with cranial cruciate ligament injuries

A

Surgery (faster recovery than small dogs and may decrease risk of doing it to other side)

30
Q

What are the surgical repair options for cranial cruciate ligament injuries (90% success rate)

A

Lateral suture (used in small Dogs because it is easier to tear) a suture is made through the bone to “replace” the ligament and hold the bones in place and prevent sliding

Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (large dogs) cut the tibia and level the bone, plates hold the bones together to stabilize the joint

Tibial tuberosity advancement (large dogs) pulling the patellar ligament and pulling the femur forward, the hardware mimics the ligament

31
Q

What is the healing time and post operative care for cranial cruciate ligament injuries

A

10-12 weeks

Physical therapy is needed

32
Q

What are some complications of cranial cruciate ligament injuries

A

Rupture if the other ligament within 1-2 years

Arthritis with it without surgical repair

Reduced mobility

Infections and pain

33
Q

What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

A

Developmental disease

Common in young/growing animals and large breeds

Common in the shoulder

Developmental defect in cartilage and/or Endochondral bone

34
Q

Describe what happens with OCD

A

Cartilage is weak and abnormal

Interferes with articulation of the joints

Cracks in the cartilage can result in small pieces (and potentially small pieces of bone) floating around the joint

The joint is unable to withstand normal forces

35
Q

What is the treatment of OCD

A

May require surgical removal of the cartilage and bone fragments

36
Q

How do you prevent OCD

A

Diet control
Weight control
Controlled exercise
Prevent injuries

37
Q

What are the two most commonly diagnosed diseases in SA medicine

A

Dental disease and Degenerative joint disease

38
Q

What is degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis)

A

Inflammation of the joint (may or may not involve the synovium)

Degenerative, slowly progressive

Can occur in any articular joint

39
Q

What is the signalment for osteoarthritis

A

Any animals

Other animals

Large breeds

Obesity

History of injury or joint disease

40
Q

Describe the pathology of an inflamed joint

A

Damaged cartilage releases pro-Inflammatory molecules

Inflammation of the synovium causes more joint fluid (less viscous)

Less cushioning so there is increases rubbing and damage

Stretching joint capsule triggers osteophyte formation

Thicken joint capsule restricts movement

41
Q

What are the predisposing factors of DJD

A

normal wear and tear
Obesity
Intense exercise
Poor cartilage formation (OCD)
Dysplasia
Prior injury

42
Q

What do patients with DJD Present as

A

Painful, lame, slow, sore, stiff

Stiff when they first start moving but loosen up with time

43
Q

What are the commonly affect joints with DJD in dogs and cats

A

Dogs: hips, stifle, elbows and carpus in small dogs

Cats: thoracolumbar spine, elbows, hips

44
Q

Describe osteoarthritis in the intervertebral joint spaces

A

Common in cats and German shepherds or animals with prior back injuries

Excessive bone growth that bridges the intervertebral spaces (fusing)

45
Q

What is the treatment for DJD

A

On going treatment

Controlled activity
Rest
Weight control
Medications/joint supplements
Physical therapy

Still Must Maintain muscle mass/range of motion /flexibility

46
Q

What is solensia

A

Feline specific monoclonal antibody (binds to feline nerve growth factors)

SQ injection monthly

Has been tested in cats with IRIS stage one and two CRF

must be above 7mo and >2.5 kg

47
Q

What is the prevention of DJD

A

Selective breeding
Weight control
Low impact exercise
Appropriate diets
Joint supplements

Animal Diseases 2 (4 decks)

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