Respiratory Diseases 1 Flashcards
What is a common trigger for the development of chronic lung diseases?
Environment
What is the basic anatomy of the lungs?
(4 marks)
- Right lung has 3 lobes
- Left lung has 2 lobes
- Trachea branches into bronchoas and then into secondary artery, tertiary ⇒bronchioles
- Alveoli - peripheral part of hte lung where airways lead to
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What are the conducting and respiratory zones?
(2 marks)
- Conducting zone: where air is drawn and conducted
- Respiratory zone: where air is exchanged
What are the different lung compartments?
(4 marks)
- Large airways
- Small airways (no cartilage so easier to collapse & phenotypes occur here)
- Terminal bronchioles
- Alveoli (phenotype mutations occur here)
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What is the function of the airway epithelium?
(3 marks)
- Protective barrier function
- Clearing of inhaled pathgoens and irritants
- Anti-microbila defence, recruitment of immune cells
What are basal cells and what do they do?
(2 marks)
- Stem cells of airway in injury
- Repair and differentiate into ciliated secretory cells
What are ciliated cells and what do they do?
- Airway clearance (removal of debris and pathogen out of airways)
What are goblet cells and what do they do?
(2 marks)
- Secretory cells (SCGB1A1 pos+)
- Secrete mucus can trap pathogens
What are different ways of studying epithelial function in the lab?
(8 marks)
- Submerged culture: isolate cells from different locations and grow in monolayer (simplest)
- Air liquid interface: put same stem cells in & give differntation medium and expose them to air. Different compartments - cells exposed air, mucus secreting cells and basal cells at bottom exposed to medium
- Organoid cultures: combine different cell types. Take stem cells and grow in matrigel which will form round balls that’ll differentiate and grow
- Lung on chip: engineer airflow and medium channels you’ll get different cell types which will eliminate epithelium and mimic breathing. Can get disease modelling
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What are teh 3D models used for epithelial cell differentiation?
(3 marks)
- Air-liquid interface: express different markers for certain cells - allows for differentiation
- Spheroids in matrigel: stain for particular cells - can view property of cells
- Co-cultures organoids: good to look at cell:cell crosstalk (fibroblasts and AEC’s)
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What is Forced vital capacity (FVC)?
Total air volume you can exhale in one breath
What is Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
- Most amount of air volume you can breathe out in one breath
What is considered an obstructive ratio?
- FEV1/FVC ratio <0.7
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Heterogenic disease, normally affects older people
What are some of the environmental triggers to the development of COPD?
- Smoking, air pollution, bio-fuel