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Concepts of Disease > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do to parts of a pathogen or antibody when it dies?

A
  • Take body parts of pathogen and display them on immune cells i.e. t/ b cells and macrophages
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2
Q

What are the two immune systems that travel around the body?

(2 marks)

A
  • Lymphatic and Cardiovascular
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3
Q

What immunological components are used as the first line of defence from a pathogen?

(4 marks)

A
  • Anatomical barrier - skin, mucous lining
  • Chemical barrier - antibacterial peptides
  • ‘Strategic’ outposts - mucousal associated lymphoid tissues (MALTS) - in gut
  • ‘Guards’ - epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells - kill on site
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4
Q

What do memory B cells do?

A
  • Retain information on pathgoen - if re-infected can kill pathogen quicker
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5
Q

How does the immune system communicate with eachother?

(3 marks)

A
  • Cytokines - send messages to rest of immune system and recruit cells to site of infection
  • Macrophages and dendritic cells - antigen presetnign cells
  • T helper cells - communicate with other cells in immune system
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6
Q

Where are the different checkpoints in the immune system?

A
  • Lymph nodes - checks for circulating pathogen in tissues
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7
Q

Why is clonal expansion of T and B cells needed?

A

To fight infection - these are transported by lymphatic and cardiovascular system to site of infection

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8
Q

What are teh different ways that you can kill a pathogen?

(3 marks)

A
  • Macrophages EAT pathogen repreatedly
  • Neutrophils eat pathogen and then die
  • Natural killer t cells (cytotoxic T cells) - v. specialised
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9
Q

What do reconnasance dendritic cells do?

(2 marks)

A
  • Look for pathogens, understand and report back on pathogen
  • Eat it and display body parts of pathogen on surface of body
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10
Q

What do ammunition B cells do?

A
  • Make specialised antibodies
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11
Q

What do complement system proteins do?

(2 marks)

A
  • Encounter pathogen and stick to its surfaceas recognise common features on pathogen
  • Will kill directly or recruit other immune cells to kill that pathogen
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12
Q

Why does the immune system’s defence have to be continually updated?

(3 marks)

A
  • Pathogen can evolve very quickly through rapid doubling and therefore may be able to overcome defences
  • And humans can only double very 20-40 years
  • BUT B cells and T cells can evolve quicker than us and can tweak DNA to kepp up with pathogen quick evolution
  • If pathogen evolves quicker suffer from disease
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13
Q

What is the innate immune system and its function?

(6 marks)

A
  • First line of defence
  • Fast response to invasion
  • Non-specific molecules for pathogens
  • Broad sepcificity
  • Response always the same
  • Triggers adaptive immune response
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14
Q

What components does the innate immune system contain?

(4 marks)

A
  • Humoral components:
    • Blood
    • Plasma
    • Interstitial fluid
  • Cell mediated components
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15
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

(3 marks)

A
  • Recognises specific epitopes i.e. AA sequence
  • Slow response
  • Remembers structure - improves activity to kill pathogen (2nd infection) much quicker
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16
Q

What components is the adaptive immune system made up of?

(2 marks)

A

Humoral components

Cell-mediated components e.g. B and T cells, lymphocytes

17
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

(4 marks)

A
  • Moves cells around the body
  • Contains checkpoint
  • Mucousal associated lymphnode tissue
  • Supports cardiovascular system
18
Q

What are the primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

(2 marks)

A

Primary - bone marrow and thymus (B and T cells mature here)

Secondary - Spleen, tonsil, adenoid

19
Q

What other system does the lymphatic system support?

A

Cardiovascular system - as lymphatic system allows for the transport of tissue fluid

20
Q

How does tissue fluid pool back into the heart from the lymphatic system?

(3 marks)

A
  • High pressure in the arteries pushes plasma into the arterioles across the tissue bed where capillaries are rleasing palsma into tissue
  • Pressure higher in tissue bed then in venules, so plasma pushed into venules
  • It pools back into venous blood where there’s low pressure and back into right atrium of the heart
21
Q

How much interstitial fluid is lost everyday?

A

Roughly 3L

22
Q

What is the lymph node and what goes on there?

(3 marks)

A
  • Meeting point for innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells
  • Lymphatic cells screen lymph for pathogen to stop pathogen from reaching the blood
  • B and T cells are activated in lymph node after coming into contact with cell
23
Q

What is haemotapoiesis?

(3 marks)

A
  • part of INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
  • Haemataopoetic stem cells= immune and blood stem cells dervied from one stem cell
  • Multipotential haem. stem cell - either become myeloid progenitor cell or form erythrocytes, mast cells or myoblasts
  • Myoblasts these differentiate into many white blood cells THEN into macrophages and dendritic cells THEN into granulocytes
24
Q

What do the common lymphoid progenitors create in the adaptive immune system?

(2 marks)

A
  • Common lymphoid progenitors create: lymphocytes, natural killer t cells and small lymphocytes i.e. T lymph and B lymph - which turns inot a plsam cell
  • Granularcytes are a part of adaptive immune system - large blobs of DNA
25
Q

What is the process of haematopoeisis?

(5 marks)

A
  • Immune system cells start develpoment in yolk sac and then liver then spleen take over
  • Then any immune cells made in the bone marrow after birth and developed in long tibia and femur up until 30 yrs old
  • Vertebrae and pelvis take over and make them as have red medullary bone marrow
  • Long part of bone has red medullary bone marrow and creates imune system cells
  • As we age, becomes yellow medullary bone marrow which is adipose tissue and NO LONGER MAKES IMMUNE CELLS
26
Q

How is a stem cell niche created?

(2 marks)

A
  • Fibronection guides cell once it has been changed out of bone marrow and to to its next destination
  • Haematopoetic stem cell creates many cell adhesions with different cells that signal to it and what it should become and links ECM molecules
27
Q

What do myeloid progenitor cells become?

(3 marks)

A
  • Macrophages/ progenitor cells or granulocytes
  • Megakanocyte (makes platelets once in blood)
  • Erythroblast and when it reaches blood a erythrocyte
28
Q

Where and what are multipotential haematopoetic stem cells maintained?

A

Maintained as stem cell in bone marrow - necessary tomaintain a bank of stem cells

29
Q

What does an interleukin do?

A
  • Dictates which lineage cells will go into
30
Q

What do IL-7 and IL-3 do?

(2 marks)

A
  • IL-7: pushes stem cells inot lymphoid progenitor lineage
  • IL-3: pushes stem cells inot myeloid lineage
31
Q

What does teh granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor do?

(2 marks)

A

GMCSF

  • Sends myeloid progenitor cells down to myoblast lineage and makes neutrophils
  • Sends cells down into monocyte lineage into macrophages and monocytes

Concepts of Disease (20 decks)

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