Respiratory disease Flashcards
General Respiratory statistics
Respiratory diseases account for 17.5% deaths by 5 main resp diseases of Asthma, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer & COPD
10,000 new ppl diagnosed weekly
Asthma is most common, can occur in early childhood
lung diseases are underdiagnosed and take up 700 000 hospital admissions annually
What are the cost of respiratory diseases on the NHS?
Prescribing of corticosteroids costs the NHS 750,000,000 annually
COPD costs 80 million annually
2.7 million prescriptions made for inhalers by GPS
What are the 4 types of respiratory diseases?
Diseases that affect the airways, diseases that affect the lung parenchyma, diseases that affect lung vasculature & diseases that affect the chest wall
Give examples of congenital abnormalities
Congenital cysts
Lobar sequestration (anomaly in which a portion of developing lung tissue receives an independent blood supply from the aorta, usually immediately above or below the diaphragm. This sequestrated portion of lung is non-functioning and develops cystic changes)
Vascular abnormalities
Agenesis (failure in development or lack of)
Abnormalties of trachea or bronchi
Give examples of
respiratory infections
Pneumonia (causes 30k deaths annually, either community or hosp origin)
SARS (MERS morality rate of 34.3%) gives symptoms of fever, chills, muscle aches etc
TB & bronchitis
What are the diseases that affect the airways?
COPD
Emphysema
Chronic Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
What are diseases that affect the lung parenchyma? (tissue)
There are 2 types of interstitial diseases (between alveolar wall & capillary wall)
Fibrotic & granulomas
ILD is umbrella term for over 200+ diseases, e.g., sarcoidosis
What are diseases that affect the chest wall?
Scoliosis, pectus excavatum (pigeon chest)
Kyphosis (hunchback)
prevents full expansion of the lungs, interfering with function
Pleural effusions ( fluid between visceral & parietal pleura)
Haemothorax (blood in pleura cavity
motor neurone disease
What are diseases that affect the lung vasculature?
Pulmonary oedema (fluid in lungs)
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary haemorrhage (bleed)
Pulmonary embolism
Give examples of diagnostic testing involved in identification of respiratory diseases
Spirometry, oximetry, Cardiopulmonary exercise test, bronchial challenging testing, fractional expired nitric oxide, peak flow measurement etc
Describe use of spirometry in diagnosis of respiratory disease
A crucial test involved in diagnosing COPD
As it measures flow & volume, measuring the mechanical capabilities of the lungs
Diseases affect lung function by affecting expiratory flow, reduces it, therefore expiration will take longer and require more effort from the person
Lung volumes remain normal
ILD affect lung volume as it reduces the patient’s lung capacity, there is NO problem with airway/flow
Describe use of fractional expired nitric oxide in diagnosis of respiratory disease
Increased levels of NO detected during expiration of asthmatics due to inflammation of the lungs, monitoring NO concentration allows asthmatics to be identified and therapies e.g., inhalers to be given for management
Describe use of cardiopulmonary exercise test in diagnosis of respiratory disease
It’s used to assess whether a patient has a cardiac or pulmonary-related issue
It is used pre-op to assess a patient’s condition, to find a degree of disability
A normal response includes increased levels of CO2 production, O2 demand & lactic acid production as well as increased HR & BR
Describe use of BCT in diagnosis of respiratory disease
To test the responsiveness of the bronchi, uses chemical agents such as histamine and physical agents
Describe use of oximetry & CPAP in diagnosis of respiratory disease
