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Human Disease > Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is dyspnoea?

A

Shortness of breath

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2
Q

What is orthopnoea?

A

Shortness of breath when lying flat

(Type of dyspnoea)

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3
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea?

A

When patient is awakened by shortness of breath

Usually indicative of cardiovascular problem (eg left ventricular failure)

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4
Q

What diseases cause sudden shortness of breath?

A

Foreign body
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax

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5
Q

What diseases cause shortness of breath that lasts for HOURS?

A

Asthma
Pulmonary oedema
Pneumonia
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis

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6
Q

What diseases cause shortness of breath for DAYS?

A

Pleural effusion
Lung cancer?

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7
Q

What causes shortness of breath for MONTHS?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis
Chronic airflow limitation

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8
Q

What is wheeze?

A

Small airway noise
Expiratory
Any cause
Typically asthma

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9
Q

What is stridor?

A

Upper airway noise
Typically inspiratory harsh sound

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10
Q

What is haemoptysis ?
What are examples of conditions where it may occur?

A

Coughing blood

TB
Pneumonia
Pulmonary oedema
Cancer?

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11
Q

Symptoms of respiratory disease?

A
  • Cough
  • Dyspnoea (+ the two types mentioned)
  • Wheeze
  • Stridor
  • Haemoptysis
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12
Q

7 examples of Upper Respiratory Tract infections?

A
  1. Common cold
  2. Sinusitis
  3. Rhinitis
  4. Pharyngitis
  5. Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis
  6. Influenza
  7. Inhalation of foreign body
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13
Q

Common cold?

A

80-90% viral
Pyrexia (fever)
Malaise

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14
Q

Sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of sinus lining

Leads to instructed antral ostia
Which leads to increased pressure therefore PAIN

Can cause toothache

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15
Q

Rhinitis?

A

Sneezing
Blocked nose
Seasonal - pollen , hay fever

Medical prescription - antihistamines

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16
Q

Pharyngitis ?

A

Also known as sore throat
Typically viral
Occasionally bacterial Eg:

  • Beta haemolytic strep sore throat -> RHEUMATIC FEVER
  • Staphylococcus Aureus
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17
Q

Laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis?
Caused by?

A

Usually caused by viral such as measles + parainfluenza
Laryngeal oedema
Common in children
Croup (barking cough)
Stridor

Medication - oxygen, steam inhalation

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18
Q

Influenza?

How do they always change ?

A

Orthomyxovirus A/B
Antigens are H and N
H = Haemogluttin -> for ADHESION
N = neuraminidase -> breaching mucosal membrane

Vulnerable to secondary bacterial opportunistic infection such as PNEUMONIA

Change because of ANTIGENIC DRIFT (of the H and N)

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19
Q

Inhalation of foreign body?

A

Typically children/drunk adult/ could be DENTAL ENDO FILE

Back blows and Heimlich manoeuvre

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20
Q

What is asthma

A

A common chronic reversible airway obstruction that resolves spontaneously or with treatment and features :

Hyper responsive airways
Inflammatory airway changes
Excess mucus produciton

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21
Q

Epidemiology of asthma

A

M>F in childhood BUT M=F in adults
Most common in first decade

22
Q

Causes of asthma
Extrinsic?
Intrinsic?
Additional?

A

Extrinsic:
House dust mite faeces
Pollen
Cat, dog, pets

Intrinsic:
Increased sensitivity due to raised igE levels
Bronchial hyper-reactivity

Short arm of chromosome 11

Additional:
Cold air
Exercise
Stress
Pollution
Infection
Drugs eg NSAIDS, B BLOCKERS
Diet

23
Q

Pathogenesis of asthma

A

Oedema
Bronchoconstriction
Increased mucus secretions

Mediated by
Mast cells - release histamine
Lymphocytes

24
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

SOB
WHEEZE
cough
Symptoms worse in the morning

25
Q

Signs of asthma

A

Quieting of voice and shortness of sentences
Increased EXPIRATORY time
Decreased FEV1/FVC
Hyperinflation
Barrel chest

26
Q

Test for asthma

A

No single test but there are a range of tests can do

27
Q

Management of asthma

A

Education - medication use
Prevention - avoid allergens
Therapy :
sodium chromoglycate - mediates mast cells
B 2 adrenoceptor agonist - bronchodilator

28
Q

What is it common to have from inhalers?
How can you get over this?

A

Oral candidiasis (oral thrush)
(White marks+fungal)

Can get over this by using a spacer

29
Q

What are two types of chronic obstructive airway diseases?

A

Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema

30
Q

What is chronic bronchitis

A

Bronchi inflamed
Obstruction by narrowing airway lumen
Oedema
Excess mucus
Airflow limited
Cough produces sputum (fleghm) for 3 months of 2 successive years

Epithelial cell layer can ulcerate and heal as squamous epithelium (metaplasia)

31
Q

What is emphysema

A

Alveoli are damaged

Dilatation of air spaces by wall destruction

Obstruction by decreasing lungs elastic recoil that golds airways open in expiration -> expiratory airflow limitation

32
Q

Aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic obstructive airway diseases?

A

Smoking
Atmospheric pollution
Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency

33
Q

Symptoms of chronic obstructive airway diseases

A

Cough
Sputum
Wheeze
Dyspnoea

34
Q

Signs of chronic obstructive airway diseases

A

Hyperinflation
Quiet breathing sounds
Wheeze

35
Q
A
36
Q

Risk factors for chronic obstructive airway disease

A

Smokers

People who live in dusty environment

People who live in polluted environment

37
Q

Blue bloater vs pink puffer

A

Blue bloater = BRONCHITIS

Pink puffer = EMPHYSEMA

38
Q

Cystic fibrosis

Complication

Treatment

A

INHERITED

Autosomal recessive
Mutation on CFTR gene

Affects lungs and digestive system

Heavy thick sticky mucus - blocks airway passage

Complication - respiratory failure
Pneumothorax

Treatment - stop smoking
Drug therapy

39
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

Dilatation of bronchi

Dilatations caused by inflammation eg:
Measles
Obstruction
Congenital

40
Q

What are examples of lung parenchyma

A

Pneumonia
Lung abscess

41
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of substance of the lung

Usually bacterial
Can be viral or others

42
Q

What are the types of pneumonia

A

(A) LOBAR pneumonia - affects 1 lobe
BRONCHIAL pneumonia - affects lobules and bronchi

(B) By causative organism:

  • community acquired eg strep pneumonia
  • hospital acquired
43
Q

Risk factors of pneumonia

A

Smokers
Immunocompromised
Underlying lung disease

44
Q

Signs and symptoms of pneumonia

A

Pyrexia
Cough -DRY OR RED SPUTUM /fhlegm

45
Q

Aspiration pneumonia

A

(From Google - inflammation when food/liquid breathed into airways or lungs instead of being swallowed)

Aspiration of gastric acid into lungs (Mendelson syndrome)
Often fatal

Associated with period of loss of consciousness - EG DENTAL SEDATION

46
Q

What is a complication of pneumonia

A

Lung abcess

47
Q

Tuberculosis
Affects?
Risk factors?

A

Most common infective cause of death

Affect lungs, lymph nodes and gut

Risk factors- immunocompromised
Diabetics
Alcoholic
Immigrants - Asians
Doctors / nurses

Multi drug resistant tb organisms

48
Q

Pneumoconiosis?
Examples

A

Lung diseases that are caused by inhaling dusts

Pneumoconiosis - coal miners lungs
Asbestosis - brake linings, railway carriage insulation - Asbestos fibres cannot be broken down by macrophages
Silicosis - mining, builders
Berylliosis- electronics

49
Q

Bronchial carcinoma

Aetiology

A

Most common malignant tumour

More men than women

Aetiology - smoking cigarette
Occupation
Air pollution

50
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung
Air in pleural space
Air sucked in but cannot escape

Treatment is chest drain

Human Disease (18 decks)

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