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Immunology YR1 > Respiratory defenses > Flashcards

Respiratory defenses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary portals of entry for pathogens

A

Respiratory tract

GI tract

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2
Q

Name two secondary lymphoid tissues

A

Bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

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3
Q

How are pathogens transferred across mucosa

A

By M cells

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4
Q

What are mucus membranes

A

Layers of mucosal cells that line body cavities that open to the outside

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5
Q

What antimicrobial substance does mucus contain

A

Lysozymes, lactoferrin

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6
Q

Two characteristics of mucus

A

Contains antimicrobial substance

Mucosal cells are rapidly dividing

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7
Q

Physical and chemical barriers in respiratory tract

A 
Nasal hair
mucous secretions
irregular chambers
ciliated epithelium
cough reflexes
alveolar macrophages
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8
Q

Barriers in the nasopharynx

A 
Squamous epithelium
Nasal hairs
Turbinates including mucosal lymphoid tissue
Ciliated epithelium
Mucous layer
Innate factors
Secretory IgA and some IgG
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9
Q

How do particles and bacteria come into contact with the mucosa lining the nasopharynx and larynx

A

An increase in air turbulence is caused due to the abrupt changes in direction of air flow that occur as the air moves through nasopharynx and larynx

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10
Q

Barriers in larynx

A

Cords
Epiglottis
Cough reflex

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11
Q

How are secretions above the sub-segmental level removed

A

By coughing

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12
Q

How are the secretions below the sub-segmental level removed

A

Moved upward by the mucociliary mechanism

then removed by coughing

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13
Q

Barriers in the trachea and bronchi

A

ciliated epithelium
Muscociliary escalator
cough reflex

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14
Q

Barriers in small airways and alveoli

A 
Epithelial cells 
Alveolar macrophages
Lymphocytes
Innate factors
IgG and IgA
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15
Q

What are some secretions in the respiratory tract

A 
Lactoferrin
Reactive oxygen species
Interfons
Inflammatory factors
Antibodies
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16
Q

How many cilia is present in the ciliated cell in the trachea and bronchioles

A

200

17
Q

What happens to the ciliary beat rate as you move down the tracheo-bronchia tree

A

ciliary beat rate slower

18
Q

What impairs ciliary action

A

dehydration, smoking, inhalation of high oxygen concentrations, infections and ingestion of drugs

19
Q

What is broncho-constriction

A

Defence mechanism where bronchi constrict in an effort to prevent entry of the irritants like dust and aerosols

20
Q

where are lymphocytes found in the lung

A

In the submucosal collection BALT

21
Q

What three immunoglobulins are found in greater concentration in the lung than in serum

A

IgA, IgG3 and IgG4

22
Q

What two immunoglobulins contribute significanly to the defence against infection in lungs

A

IgG and IgA

23
Q

What immune cell is not present in healthy lungs

How does it arrive to the lungs

A

Neutrophils

Recruited to the lung by a variety of stimuli

24
Q

What immune cell is not present in healthy lungs

How does it arrive to the lungs

A

Neutrophils

Recruited to the lung by a variety of stimuli

25
Q

why is mucus not present in alveoli

A

Mucus is too thick and would slow movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide

26
Q

What defences are present in alveoli

A

Alveolar macrophages which ingest any deposited particle and digest them
When lung is exposed to serious threat, neutrophils are recruited to help

27
Q

Where does proliferation occur in alveolar macrophages

A

Interstitium and alveolar space

28
Q

What happens to the debris of phagocytosis in alveoli

A

Moved up to the level of the bronchioles so that they can be removed by cilia or removed from the lungs by lymphatic system

29
Q

Where do particles between 5-10 microns deposite

A

In the trachea and main bronchi and can be removed by mucociliary transport

30
Q

WhaT IS CHEMOTAXIS

A

Process by which phagocytes are attracted to microorganisms

31
Q

What is the attachment stage of phagocytosis

A

the phagocyte adheres to the micorbial cell

Facilitated by opsonisation

32
Q

What is the ingestion phase of phagocytosis

A

Pseudopods of phagocytes engulf the microorganism and enclose it in a phagosome to complete ingestion

33
Q

What is the digestion phase of phagocytosis

A

Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome to form a digestive vacuole
the microbe is killed and digested

Immunology YR1 (6 decks)

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