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Immunology YR1 > Humoral immunity > Flashcards

Humoral immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Effector functions of antibodies

A

Pathogen and toxin neutralisation
Classical complement activation
Opsonise - promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination

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2
Q

Where do B cells develop

A

Develop and mature in bone marrow

During foetal stages

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3
Q

How many types of B cell are there

A

10 million different types

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4
Q

What is B cell receptor

A

Transmembrane protein

Composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction

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5
Q

How does antibody production occur

A

Antigen recognition by BCR
Activates B cell
B cell proliferates and differentiates
Produces plasma cells which secrete antibodies
Can also make memory cells which remain in extracellular fluid in case of reinfection

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6
Q

Other names for antibodies

A

Immune globulins
Immune serum globulins
Gamma globulins

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7
Q

What is the difference between antibodies and immunoglobulins

A

All antibodies are immunoglobulins but all immunoglobulins are NOT antibodies
Immunoglobulins are attached to B cell membrane while antibodies float in circulation

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8
Q

What are the 5 classifications of antibodies

A 
Immunoglobulin A
Immunoglobulin G
Immunoglobulin M
Immunoglobulin D
Immunoglobulin E

Differentiated by the structural differences in the constant region of heavy chain

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9
Q

IgG

A

70-75%of total immunoglobulin
Secreted in high quantities
Cross the placenta
Has 4 subclasses

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10
Q

Functions of IgG

A

Neutralise microbes and toxins
Opsonise antigens for phagocytosis
Activate the complement
Protect the newborn

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11
Q

IgM

A

Secreted initially during primary infection
Cannot cross placenta
Largest antibody
Involved in agglutination and opsonisation
Large number of allogenic sites

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12
Q

Functions of IgM

A

Secreted first during primary exposure
Activates the complement
Used as marker for recent infection

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13
Q

IgA

A

Monomeric in serum, dimeric in mucosa
2 subtyPes
Major antibody found in mucosa
Dimeric with secretory component in the lumen of the gastro-intestinal tract and in respiratory teact

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14
Q

Major functions of IgA

A

Neutralises microbes and toxins
Activates complement
Helps minimise inflammation

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15
Q

IgD

A

Monomeric

Involved in production of sntibodies

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16
Q

Functions and applications of IgD

A

Present on surface oh B cells
Functions as membrane receptor
Has a role on antigen stimulated lymphocyte differentiation
Otherwise role unclear

17
Q

IgE

A

Mediates type I hypersensitivity
Monomeric
Least quantifiable

18
Q

Functions of IgE

A

Associated with anaphylaxis
Plays a role in immunity to helminthic parasites
B cell surface receptor
B cell activation

19
Q

What happens in primary response

A

Following exposure to antigen, there is a slow rise in IgM followed by a slow rise in IgG
levels of IgM remain high transiently

20
Q

What happens I’m secondary exposure

A

Following exposure to previously encountered antigen, there is a rapid rise in IgG and slow or no rise in IgM
Higher levels of IgG persist in small amounts throughout life

21
Q

Plasma cell

A

Secrete antibodies
Survive a few days
Make 20p0 antibodies every second
Responsible for immediate defence

22
Q

Memory cells

A

Live longer than plasma cells
Don’t produce antibodies directly
On contact with antigen, rapidly divide and develop into plasma and memory cells

23
Q

What do B cells express when they reach maturity

A

Express both IgM and IgD

24
Q

In what form does B cell produce antibody after activation

A

In secreted form rather than membrane-bound form

25
Q

How does class switching take place

A

If activated B cell encounter specific signalling molecules via their CD40 and cytokine receptors, they undergo antibody class switching to produce IgG, IgA or IgE

26
Q

What changes when class switching occurs

A

Constant region of antibody is changed
But variable region stays same
Since variable region is responsible for antigen specificity, antigen specificity is unaffected
Antibody retains affinity to same antigen
Only interacts with different effector molecules

27
Q

How do antibodies protect us

A 
Complement
Neutralising extracellular pathogens
Formation immune complexes
Bind to lymphocytes
Provides memory

Immunology YR1 (6 decks)

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