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Immunology YR1 > Innate immunology > Flashcards

Innate immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells does innate immunity involve

A 
Macrophages
NK cells
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophils 
Dendritic cell
T cell and natural killer t cell
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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non-specific, first line of defence

Comes into play within hours of antigen appearance

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3
Q

What mechanism does innate immunity include

A

Physical barriers like skin
Chemicals in blood
Immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body

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4
Q

Two types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages- reside in tissue and recruit neutrophils

Neutrophils- enter infected tissues in large numbers

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5
Q

Two types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages- reside in tissues and recruit neutrophils

Neutrophils- enter infected tissues in large numbers

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6
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

Capture, engulfment and breakdown of bacterial pathogens

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7
Q

What is needed to initiate specific adaptive immune response

A

Innate immune response

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8
Q

What is toll like receptor

A

Mammalian pattern recognition receptors abundant on macrophages, neutrophils and the epithelial cell of the gut

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9
Q

What type of receptors are TLRs

A

Type I transmembrane receptors

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10
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial lipids

A

TLR 1,2,4 and 6

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11
Q

Which TLR recognises viral RNA

A

TLR 3,7 and 8

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12
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial DNA

A

TLR 9

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13
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial or parasitic proteins

A

TLR 5 and 10

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14
Q

Two granular leukocytes

A

Basophils and eosinophils

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15
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Secrete cytokine# to attract other immune cells

Release lysosomal enzymes that are responsible for inflammation and tissue damage

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16
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Engulf damaged tissue or microbes

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17
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Engulf ,icorbes and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

18
Q

What do Dendritic cells do

A

Process and present antigen-so they can be recognised by other lymphatic cells

19
Q

What do basophils do

A

Release chemicals that produce inflammatory responses

20
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Enter infected tissue and produce enzyme which breakdown chemicals released by basophils reducing inflammation

21
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Activated by interferons or cytokines to destroy infected cells with a wide range of viruses and cancers

22
Q

What cell surface receptors do macrophages and neutrophils have

A

Pattern recognition receptors like TLRs

Receptors for Fc portion of antibodies as well as C3b component of complement

23
Q

What does ligand binding to receptor on phagocytes do

A

Causes actin polymerisation at site of pathogen attachment, causing plasma membrane to surround the pathogen and engulf it in phagosome

24
Q

What happened of pathogen is too large to engulf

A

Group of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils gather around pathogen
Secrete their defensins and other lysosomal products by exocytosis

25
Q

Three acute phase proteins

A

Mannose-binding lectin
C-reactive protein
Complement

26
Q

What does MBL do

A

Binds to bacterial surface with particular spatial arrangement of mannose or fucose

27
Q

What does C-Reactive Protein do

A

Binds to phosphorylcholine on bacterial surface

28
Q

What does complement do

A

Set of proteins which bind to bacterial surface

29
Q

What are acute phase proteins

A

Set of plasma proteins whose level increases during infection to enhance host defence mechanisms

30
Q

What stimulates fever

A

Pyrogens

31
Q

What does increase in body temperature do

A

Stimulate WBC to deploy and destroy microbes
Increase in immunological response
Slow down growth of or kill pathogen

32
Q

What are the four cardinal sign of inflammation

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain

33
Q

Primary functions of inflammation

A

Localise infection
Neutralise toxins at injury site
Repair tissue damage

34
Q

Major events of inflammation

A

Vasodilation
Increase in permeability of capillaries
Mobilisation of leukocytes to site of injury
Phagocytosis

35
Q

3 complement pathways

A

Classical pathway
Mannan-binding lectin pathway
Alternative pathway

36
Q

Immunological function of C3a

A

Mast cell degranulation

Target- mast cell

37
Q

Immunological effect of C3b

A

Opsonisation
Target- pathogen surface

Immune complex clearance
Target- red blood cell

38
Q

Immunological effect of C3d

A

Mast cell degranulation
Target- mast cell

B-cell activation
Target- B cell

39
Q

Immunological effects of C4a

A

Mast cell degranulation

Target- mast cell

40
Q

Immunological effects C4b

A

Opsonisation

Target- pathogen surface

41
Q

C5a immunological effects

A

Mast cell degranulation

Target- mast cell

42
Q

C5-C9 immunological effects

A

Cell lysis

Target- infected cell

Immunology YR1 (6 decks)

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