Innate immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cells does innate immunity involve

A
Macrophages
NK cells
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophils 
Dendritic cell
T cell and natural killer t cell
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2
Q

Innate immunity

A

Non-specific, first line of defence

Comes into play within hours of antigen appearance

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3
Q

What mechanism does innate immunity include

A

Physical barriers like skin
Chemicals in blood
Immune system cells that attack foreign cells in body

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4
Q

Two types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages- reside in tissue and recruit neutrophils

Neutrophils- enter infected tissues in large numbers

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5
Q

Two types of phagocytes

A

Macrophages- reside in tissues and recruit neutrophils

Neutrophils- enter infected tissues in large numbers

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6
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

Capture, engulfment and breakdown of bacterial pathogens

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7
Q

What is needed to initiate specific adaptive immune response

A

Innate immune response

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8
Q

What is toll like receptor

A

Mammalian pattern recognition receptors abundant on macrophages, neutrophils and the epithelial cell of the gut

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9
Q

What type of receptors are TLRs

A

Type I transmembrane receptors

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10
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial lipids

A

TLR 1,2,4 and 6

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11
Q

Which TLR recognises viral RNA

A

TLR 3,7 and 8

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12
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial DNA

A

TLR 9

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13
Q

Which TLR recognises bacterial or parasitic proteins

A

TLR 5 and 10

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14
Q

Two granular leukocytes

A

Basophils and eosinophils

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15
Q

What do neutrophils do

A

Secrete cytokine# to attract other immune cells

Release lysosomal enzymes that are responsible for inflammation and tissue damage

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16
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Engulf damaged tissue or microbes

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17
Q

What do monocytes do

A

Engulf ,icorbes and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells

18
Q

What do Dendritic cells do

A

Process and present antigen-so they can be recognised by other lymphatic cells

19
Q

What do basophils do

A

Release chemicals that produce inflammatory responses

20
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Enter infected tissue and produce enzyme which breakdown chemicals released by basophils reducing inflammation

21
Q

What do NK cells do

A

Activated by interferons or cytokines to destroy infected cells with a wide range of viruses and cancers

22
Q

What cell surface receptors do macrophages and neutrophils have

A

Pattern recognition receptors like TLRs

Receptors for Fc portion of antibodies as well as C3b component of complement

23
Q

What does ligand binding to receptor on phagocytes do

A

Causes actin polymerisation at site of pathogen attachment, causing plasma membrane to surround the pathogen and engulf it in phagosome

24
Q

What happened of pathogen is too large to engulf

A

Group of macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils gather around pathogen
Secrete their defensins and other lysosomal products by exocytosis

25
Three acute phase proteins
Mannose-binding lectin C-reactive protein Complement
26
What does MBL do
Binds to bacterial surface with particular spatial arrangement of mannose or fucose
27
What does C-Reactive Protein do
Binds to phosphorylcholine on bacterial surface
28
What does complement do
Set of proteins which bind to bacterial surface
29
What are acute phase proteins
Set of plasma proteins whose level increases during infection to enhance host defence mechanisms
30
What stimulates fever
Pyrogens
31
What does increase in body temperature do
Stimulate WBC to deploy and destroy microbes Increase in immunological response Slow down growth of or kill pathogen
32
What are the four cardinal sign of inflammation
Redness Heat Swelling Pain
33
Primary functions of inflammation
Localise infection Neutralise toxins at injury site Repair tissue damage
34
Major events of inflammation
Vasodilation Increase in permeability of capillaries Mobilisation of leukocytes to site of injury Phagocytosis
35
3 complement pathways
Classical pathway Mannan-binding lectin pathway Alternative pathway
36
Immunological function of C3a
Mast cell degranulation | Target- mast cell
37
Immunological effect of C3b
Opsonisation Target- pathogen surface Immune complex clearance Target- red blood cell
38
Immunological effect of C3d
Mast cell degranulation Target- mast cell B-cell activation Target- B cell
39
Immunological effects of C4a
Mast cell degranulation | Target- mast cell
40
Immunological effects C4b
Opsonisation | Target- pathogen surface
41
C5a immunological effects
Mast cell degranulation | Target- mast cell
42
C5-C9 immunological effects
Cell lysis | Target- infected cell