Respiratory Conditions Risk Factors

Question 1

Chronic Brochitis - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 1

1) smoking 2) age 3) genetics 4) air pollution (e.g. S2, NO2) 5) work pollution (e.g. mining) 6) Caucasian

Question 2

Asthma - Risk Factors (9)

Answer 2

1) allergen 2) pollution 3) dust 4) occupation (e.g. wood dust, bleaches, dyes, latex) 5) cold air 6) exercise 7) emotion 8) NSAID 9) βB

Question 3

Small Cell Lung Carcinoma - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 3

1) 65-70 years old 2) family history 3) smoking (inc. passive) 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5) occupational (asbestos, coal) 6) radon gas

Question 4

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma - Risk Factors (6)

Answer 4

1) 65-70 years old 2) family history 3) smoking (inc. passive) 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5) occupational (e.g. asbestos, coal) 6) radon gas

Question 5

Pulmonary Embolism - Risk Factors (Change in Blood Flow) (4)

Answer 5

1) surgery 2) leg fracture —> plaster of Paris 3) long haul flights 4) obesity

Question 6

Pulmonary Embolism - Risk Factors (Change in Blood Vessel) (2)

Answer 6

1) smoking 2) hypertension

Question 7

Pulmonary Embolism - Risk Factors (Change in Blood Constituents) (6)

Answer 7

1) pregnancy 2) oral contraceptive 3) hormone replacement therapy 4) dehydration 5) polycythaemia 6) inherited thrombophilia

Question 8

Community Acquired Pneumonia - Risk Factors (11)

Answer 8

1) >65 years old 2) <16 years old 3) healthcare residence 4) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5) chronic liver disease 6) chronic kidney disease 7) diabetes mellitus 8) smoking 9) alcohol 10) poor oral hygiene 11) acid-reducing drugs (e.g. PPI)

Question 9

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia - Risk Factors (4)

Answer 9

1) poor hand hygiene 2) poor oral hygiene 3) intubation (inc. prolonged sedation) 4) acid-reducing drugs (e.g. PPI)

Question 10

Immunocompromised Pneumonia - Risk Factors (3)

Answer 10

1) immunocompromised (e.g. chronic steroids) 2) HIV (CD4+ count < 200 cells/μL) 3) genetics

Question 11

Aspiration Pneumonia - Risk Factors (7)

Answer 11

1) swallowing dysfunction (e.g. stroke, myasthenia gravis, bulbar palsy) 2) gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 3) achalasia 4) intubation 5) feeding tube 6) poor oral hygiene 7) acid-reducing drugs (e.g. PPI)

Question 12

Tuberculosis - Risk Factors (8)

Answer 12

1) origin from endemic region (India, China, Sub-Saharan Africa) 2) immunocompromised (e.g. HIV) 3) immunosuppressed (e.g chronic steroids) 4) extremes of age 5) diabetes mellitus 6) IV drug abuse 7) alcohol 8) smoking