Respiratory: Clinical Flashcards
What is a normal inspiration:expiration ratio?
1:1 to 1:2
How does opening the mouth help distinguish between respiratory noises?
Opening the mouth should make a nasopharyngeal sound disappear whereas it will make no difference to things lower down for example laryngeal stridor.
Under what conditions do stridor and starter worsen?
Stridor: often with exercise
Stertor: often with rest
Volumes of saline to be used for a BAL
1-2ml/kg in large dogs
2-4ml/kg in small dogs and cats.
What molecular structures are lost in the tracheal rings that cause tracheal collapse?
GAGs e.g. chondroitin sulfate.
What should be performed prior to stunting a tracheal collapse?
Bronchoscopy as if bronchomalacia is present, prognosis with a stent may be worse.
Surgical management options for tracheal collapse
- Options
- Complications
- Prognosis
Options: - Intra-throacic = intraluminal stents - Cervical = extraluminal tracheal rings Complications: - Rings: laryngeal paralysis, tracheal necrosis, - Stents: bacterial tracheitis, stent fracture/migration, stent collapse/deformation, tracheal perforation during placement, and development of obstructive granulation tissue. Prognosis: - Can be very good
Parasites that can form tracheal granulomas
Oslerus osleri
Fileroides osleri
Ceteribri larvae (cats)
Definition of bronchiectasis
Dilation and destruction of bronchial wall
Definition of bronchomalacia
airway collapse during expiration and coughing
Breeds predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Huskies and malamutes
Breed that has a known genetic component to PCD
Old English sheepdog
Kartagener’s syndrome
Syndrome associated with PCD
- Bronchiectasis
- Left to right transposition of viscera (situs inverts)
- Chronic rhino sinusitis
What diagnostic test is needed to demonstrated PCD?
EM
Outline the likely A-a gradients in the following scenarios:
- Hypoventillation:
- V/Q mismatch:
- Right to left shunt:
- Diffusion impairment:
- Hypoventillation: normal AA gradient
- V/Q mismatch: increased AA gradient that responds to O2 therapy
- Right to left shunt: normal AA gradients that does not respond to O2 therapy
- Diffusion impairment: can lead to increased AA gradient and will respond to O2 supplementation