Respiratory: Clinical Flashcards
What is a normal inspiration:expiration ratio?
1:1 to 1:2
How does opening the mouth help distinguish between respiratory noises?
Opening the mouth should make a nasopharyngeal sound disappear whereas it will make no difference to things lower down for example laryngeal stridor.
Under what conditions do stridor and starter worsen?
Stridor: often with exercise
Stertor: often with rest
Volumes of saline to be used for a BAL
1-2ml/kg in large dogs
2-4ml/kg in small dogs and cats.
What molecular structures are lost in the tracheal rings that cause tracheal collapse?
GAGs e.g. chondroitin sulfate.
What should be performed prior to stunting a tracheal collapse?
Bronchoscopy as if bronchomalacia is present, prognosis with a stent may be worse.
Surgical management options for tracheal collapse
- Options
- Complications
- Prognosis
Options: - Intra-throacic = intraluminal stents - Cervical = extraluminal tracheal rings Complications: - Rings: laryngeal paralysis, tracheal necrosis, - Stents: bacterial tracheitis, stent fracture/migration, stent collapse/deformation, tracheal perforation during placement, and development of obstructive granulation tissue. Prognosis: - Can be very good
Parasites that can form tracheal granulomas
Oslerus osleri
Fileroides osleri
Ceteribri larvae (cats)
Definition of bronchiectasis
Dilation and destruction of bronchial wall
Definition of bronchomalacia
airway collapse during expiration and coughing
Breeds predisposed to eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Huskies and malamutes
Breed that has a known genetic component to PCD
Old English sheepdog
Kartagener’s syndrome
Syndrome associated with PCD
- Bronchiectasis
- Left to right transposition of viscera (situs inverts)
- Chronic rhino sinusitis
What diagnostic test is needed to demonstrated PCD?
EM
Outline the likely A-a gradients in the following scenarios:
- Hypoventillation:
- V/Q mismatch:
- Right to left shunt:
- Diffusion impairment:
- Hypoventillation: normal AA gradient
- V/Q mismatch: increased AA gradient that responds to O2 therapy
- Right to left shunt: normal AA gradients that does not respond to O2 therapy
- Diffusion impairment: can lead to increased AA gradient and will respond to O2 supplementation
What is a normal Pa02?
80-105mmHg
Paragnimus kellicotti
- What is it
- Intermediate host
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Trematode of the lung
- Crayfish
- Migrates through diaphragm and adult goes into sub pleural space
- Bullae and cysts
- ova in lavage fluid or sedimentation techniques
- Fenbendazole or praziquantel
Filaroides
- What is it
- Intermediate host/transmission
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pulmonary nematode
- Direct faecal-oral transmission
- Alveolar space and terminal bronchioles
- Bronchointerstitial or alveolar pattern
- lavage, faecal flotation
- fenbendazole, ivermectin
Aulurostrongylus
- What is it
- Intermediate host
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Feline pulmonary nematode
- Mollusc
- Mature live in bronchioles
- Bronchial pattern?
- airway lavage, sedimentation
- fenbendazole, ivermectin, selamectin
Crenosoma vulpis
- What is it
- Intermediate host
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pulmonary nematode
- Mollusc
- Adult in airways
- Bronchointerstitial?
- Lavage, sedimentation or flotation
- Fenbendazole, ivermectin, milbemycin
Oslerus osleri
- What is it
- Intermediate host
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pulmonary nematode
- Direct oral-faecal
- Granulomas in distal trachea and proximal bronchi
- flotation or bronchocopic visualisation of lesions
Eucoleus aerophilus (Capillaria aerophilia)
- What is it
- Intermediate host
- Life cycle
- Lesions
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Pulmonary nematode
- None, direct LC
- Tracheal and bronchial mucosal eosinophilic pneumonia
- Flotation > semintation
- fenbendazole, ivermectin
Troglostrongylus
- Feline pulmonary nematode
What types of bacteria generally result in bacterial pneumonia?
Enteric bacteria
