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ACVIM Generals MS > GI Clinical > Flashcards

GI Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

Disadvantage of parvovirus ELISA?

A

Can be false positive in a recently vaccinated dog (CPV-2 antigen)

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2
Q

Which clostridial toxins are most associated with disease?

A

A & B in C. difficile
CPE in Clostridium perfringens

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3
Q

Which E. coli species is associated with HUC? How is it tested for?

A

Enteroinvasive E. coli.
Test with FISH

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4
Q

What is the advantage of faecal flotation over a faecal smear??

A

It increases the sensitivity of detection. It is mainly useful for the detection of roundworm eggs and Giardia oocyts.

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5
Q

Folate digestion and absorption

A
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6
Q

Cobalamin digestion and absorption

A
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7
Q

What is alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor and when might measuring it be clinically useful?

A

It is a small (60kda) molecule that is similar size to albumin. It may be useful to measure it in cases where hypoalbuminaemia is documented but no other underlying cause has been found.

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8
Q

What T2M antibody level is consistent with a diagnosis of MMM?

A

>1:100

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9
Q

Sialadenitis vs. sialadenosis vs. necrotising sialometaplasia

A

Sialadenitis = inflammation of the gland

Sialadenosis = idiopathic non-inflammatory swelling of the gland. In some cases this will respond to phenobarbital.

Necrotising sialometaplasia = severe inflammatory swelling/necrosis of the salivary land

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10
Q

What breed is calvarial hyperosteosis seen in?

A

Bullmastifs - young, no treatment required.

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11
Q

What is fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

A sequalae to disrupted calcium homeostsis e.g. with renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. It may result in osteopenia, rubbery jaw and tooth mobility.

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12
Q

Most common oral tumours in dogs and cats

A

Dogs

  1. Melanoma
  2. SCC
  3. Fibrosarcoma

Cats

  1. SCC
  2. Fibrosarcoma
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13
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in swallowing?

A

Trigeminal
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Hypoglossal

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14
Q

How does the distribution of oesophageal smooth muscle differ between dogs and cats?

A

In dogs the whole oesophagus has striated mucle whereas cats the distal 1/3 is smooth muscle only.

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15
Q

Which cranial nervve is mostly responsible for oesophageal innervation?

A

The vagus nerve.

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16
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to the following:

a) Pharyngeal weakness
b) cricopharyngeal achalasia
c) Muscular dystrophy
d) Inflammatory myopathies
e) Masticatory muscle myositis?

A

a) golden retrievers
b) cocker and springer spaniels
c) CKS and bouviour de flandres
d) Newfoundlands and boxers
e) Large breed dogs

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17
Q

Canine breeds with a congenital mega-oesophagus pre-disposition

A

Great Dane
German Shepherd
Labrador
Miniature schnauzer
Irish Setter
Chinese shar-pei
Newfoundland
Fox-terriers

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18
Q

Feline breeds with a congenital megaoesophagus breed predisposition

A

Siamese

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19
Q

What percentage of dogs with myasthenia gravis may have pharyngeal weakness as their only clinical sign?

A

1%

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20
Q

What is the pH range of refluxed gastric contents over which oesophagitis is more likely to occur/may be more severe?

A

pH <4 as pepsinogen is converted to pepsin at pH ragnes of 1.5-3.5

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21
Q

What adjunctive treatments to baloon dilation of an oesophageal stricuture can be performed?

A

Mitomycin C soaked gauze applied for 5 minutes prior to baloon.
Triamcinolone is injected into the submucosa. prior to dilation (this is a steroid)

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22
Q

Which breeds have have a familial predisposition to vascular ring anomalies?

A

Irish setters and German Shepherds

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23
Q

What are the most common oesophageal neoplasias in dogs vs. cats?

A

Dogs = fibrosarcoma

Cats = squamous cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Which breed is predisposed to congenital oesophageal fistulae?

A

Cairn terriers

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25
Q

Where are the following gastric endocrine cells found?

  • Enterochromaffin like cells
  • Somatostatin producing cells
  • Gastrin producing cells
A

ECL = fundus, between gastric pits

SST = fundus, between gastric pits

Gastrin = antrum

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26
Q

What is the main stimulus for gastrin secretion?

A

Peptides and digested proteins in the stomach

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27
Q

What is the main stimulus for D-cell SST production?

A

Luminal acid

28
Q

What is the molecular result of stimulation of the parietal cell to produce acid?

A

Increase in intracellular calcium leads to insertion of H+/K+ ATPase countertransporter and K+/Cl- cotransporter insertion into the luminal membrane.

Activation of adenlyl cyclase increases cAMP in the cell and protein kinases will increase activity of the ATPase.

29
Q

Which prostaglandin has a negative affect on adenylyl cylcase in the parietal cell?

A

PGE2

30
Q

Which GI hormone slows gastric emptying the most?

A

CCK

31
Q

Which breeds are predisposed to hypertrophic gastropathy?

A

Drentse Patrijshond
Basenji
Shih Tzu

32
Q

Which breed is predisposed to atrophic gastritis?

A

Norweigan Lundehund

33
Q

Which breeds have a predisposition to GI neoplasia?

A

Belgian Shepherd
Rough Collie
SBT
Lundehund

34
Q

Which acid base abnormality is associated with upper gastrointestinal obstruction?

A

Metabolic alkalosis with hypocholoraemia
Paradoxical aciduria occurs as the renal tubule resorbs HCO3 and Na and therefore loses H+ (due to the NHE). These mechanisms are an attempt to retain water.

35
Q

Why might SST analogues be useful in treatment of gastric ulceration?

A

They inhibit gastrin production and ECL production of histamine

36
Q

What unusual side effect has maropitant been associated with in young dogs and cats?

A

Bone marrow hypoplasia

37
Q

Which dogs are predisposed to pythium?

A

Young, large breed dogs in the Gulf states of the USA.

38
Q

What disorders of the stomach might increased globulins be seen in?

A

Basenji’s and dogs with fungal GI disease.

39
Q

Stain for visualising spiral bacteria?

A

modified steiner’s stain

40
Q

Stain for visualising fungi in the GIT?

A

gomori’s methianine silver

41
Q

Stains for Eo, MC?

A

Eosinophils = siruis red
Mast cells - acion blue

42
Q

What species are the following gastric worms present in and how are they treated?

A

Ollanus = cat, tx fenbendazole

Physaloptera = dog and cat, pyrantel, reservoir host is coyote. mostly in midwestern USA.

43
Q

Treatment for Pythiosis

A

Surgical resection

Itraconazole + terbinafine

44
Q

What is the main energy source for enterocytes?

A

Glutamine

45
Q

What PAMPs are detected by the following receptors?

TLR 2
TLR 4
TLR 5
​NOD2

A

TLR 2 = lipoproteins
TLR 4 = lipopolysaccharides
TLR 5 = flagellin
NOD2 = LPS

46
Q

Which MHC type an enterocytes express?

A

MHC II

47
Q

Which TH cell subtype is thought to play a major role in inflammatory enteropathies?

A

Th-17 who produce IL-17.

48
Q

What do CD25Foxp3 T cells do?

A

Produce IL-10 i.e. are regulators of inflammation.

49
Q

Where in the GI barrier do the following agents infect/invade?

Rotavirus

Coronavirus

Parvovirus

Vincristine

A

Rotavirus = villus tips

Coronavirus = mid-villus

Parvovirus = crypt

Vincristine = crypt

50
Q

What are the different mechanistic classifications of diarrhoea?

A
  1. Altered motility
  2. Osmotic diarrhoea
  3. Secretory
  4. Increased permeability
  5. Mixed mechanisms
51
Q

What are the pathogenicity mechanisms of the following E. coli organisms?

ETEC

EPEC

EHEC

AIEC

A

ETEC = enterotoxigenic –> secretory diarrhoea

EPEC = attacking and effacing –> SI or LI diarrhoea

EHEC = enterohemorrhagic –> associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome

AIEC = attaching and invading –> GRANULOMATOUS COLITIS

52
Q

What is the organism responsbile for salmon poisening called?

A

Neorickettsia helminthoeca

53
Q

What type of hypersensitivities may be implicated in food allergies?

A

Type I, III and IV.

54
Q

Which breed is predisposed to gluten sensitive enteropathy?

A

Irish setters

55
Q

Which interleukin has been shown to be upregulated in feline IBD and lypmphoma?

A

IL-6

56
Q

Which nerves innervate the colon?

A

Vagus = proximal colon

Pelvic = distal colon.

57
Q

What transporter is responsible for potassium reapsorption in the SI?

A

K+/H+ exchanger.

58
Q

What staining/histopathologic feature is characteristic of HUC?

A

Macrophage staining with periodic-acid-Schiff (PAS) under an ulcerated mucosa.

59
Q

Where do the AIEC in HUC live?

A

Inside macrophage phagolysozomes.

60
Q

Location of the emetic centre?

A

MEdulla oblongata

61
Q

Location of NK1 receptors

A

Peripheral GIT, CRTZ and the NTS

62
Q

DIfference in CRTZ receptors between dogs and cats?

A

D2 may be more important in dogs (hence apomorphines effect in this species)
Alpha2 may be more important in cats (hence alpha2 effect in producing emesis in this species).

63
Q

How does the vestibular system influence vomiting in dogs vs. cats?

A

In cats there is a direct link between the vestibular system and the emetic centre, in dogs it is indirect through the CRTZ.

64
Q

In which breed has a gluten-sensitive enteropathy been documented?

A

Irish Setter

Suspected to have an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Not documented in other breeds or cats.

65
Q

Outline some Ddx for the lesions seen in the attached picture

A

The dog shows significant lingual and oral mucosal ulceration. While not an exhaustive list, potential causes of this ulceration include exposure to corrosive sub- stances, uremic stomatitis, autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythemato- sus, bullous pemphigoid, and toxic epidermal necrolysis; other potential causes are local thermal damage, electrocution, and Candida infection.

ACVIM Generals MS (25 decks)

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