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Physiology III Exam Three > Respiratory Changes Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Respiratory Changes Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The body contains how much stored oxygen that can be used for aerobic metabolism?

A

About 2L

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2
Q

Where is the body’s stored oxygen located that can be used for aerobic metabolism?

A

Lungs (.5L)
Body fluids (.25L)
Combined with hemoglobin (1L)
Muscle myoglobin (.3L)

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3
Q

In heavy exercise, how quickly is stored oxygen depleted?

A

Within 2 minutes

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4
Q

How much oxygen debt can result from heavy exercise?

A

11.5L

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5
Q

Before oxygen debt is repaired, what two things remain at high levels?

A

Ventilation and O2 uptake

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6
Q

What type of oxygen debt occurs during the first couple of minutes post exercise?

A

Alactacid oxygen debt (3.5L)

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7
Q

What type of oxygen debt occurs over 40 minutes post exercise?

A

Lactic acid oxygen debt (8.0L)

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8
Q

What is associated with alactacid oxygen debt?

A

Reconditioning of the phosphagen system and replenishing of oxygen stores

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9
Q

What is associated with lactic acid oxygen debt?

A

Removal of lactic acid

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10
Q

What is a side effect of lactic acid buildup?

A

Extreme fatigue

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11
Q

What stimulates the first breath at birth?

A

Cooling of skin and slightly asphyxiated state with elevated CO2

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12
Q

What is necessary to open alveoli on first breath during birth?

A

40-60cm H2O of negative pleural pressure

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13
Q

Closure of what structures occur at birth to initiate circulatory changes?

A

Foramen ovale (atria), ductus arteriosus (great vessles), ductus venosus (bypass liver)

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14
Q

How is total peripheral resistance (TPR) affected at birth?

A

Increased

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15
Q

How is pulmonic resistance affected at birth?

A

Decreased (elimination of hypoxia)

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16
Q

What is the effect of altitude on barometric pressure?

A

Decreased barometric pressure as one ascends

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17
Q

At what height is the barometric pressure 47 mmHg (LOW) and the blood “boils”?

A

63,000 ft

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18
Q

Does the amount of oxygen in the air change with altitude?

A

NO, the partial pressure does

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19
Q

As barometric pressure decreases, how does PO2 change?

A

Decreases, as well

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20
Q

How does an unacclimatized person suffer from ascending to great heights?

A

Deterioration of nervous system function

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21
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypoxia due to ascending great heights?

A

Sleepiness, false sense of well being, impaired judgment, clumsiness, blunted pain perception, decreased visual acuity, tremors twitching, seizures.

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22
Q

What types of edema are seen with acute mountain sickness?

A

Cerebral and pulmonary

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23
Q

What is the effect of cerebral edema?

A

Hypoxia and local vasodilatation

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24
Q

What is the effect of pulmonary edema?

A

Hypoxia and local vasoconstriction

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25
Q

What receptors are stimulated immediately following exposure to low PO2 at high altitude?

A

Arterial peripheral chemoreceptors due to hypoxia

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26
Q

What condition arises from exposure to low PO2 at high altitude?

A

Respiratory alkalosis (pH increase)

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27
Q

What effects are demonstrated by the increase in pH seen in respiratory alkalosis?

A

Inhibition of ventilation and opposes the stimulatory effects of hypoxia on peripheral chemoreceptors

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28
Q

As inhibition fades from respiratory alkalosis, how does ventilation change?

A

Increases 5X

29
Q

Why does ventilation increase so much following respiratory alkalosis?

A

Excretion of HCO3- by kidneys acts to offset decreased CO2 to bring pH back to normal then there is hypoxic unopposed stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors yet again so ventilation increases

30
Q

How does chronic mountain sickness affect hematocrit (red cell mass)?

A

Increased

31
Q

How does increased hematocrit affect cardiac blood flow?

A

Increased viscosity makes it harder to pump the blood

32
Q

What is the effect of chronic mountain sickness on pulmonary arterial blood pressure?

A

Increased

33
Q

Hypertrophy of which heart chamber is seen in chronic mountain sickness?

A

Right ventricle

34
Q

How is TPR affected by chronic mountain sickness?

A

Decreased (due to dilation in tissue beds)

35
Q

What condition can arise from chronic mountain sickness?

A

Congestive heart failure

36
Q

Why is chronic mountain sickness dangerous?

A

Fatal is person is not removed to lower altitude

37
Q

What is increased during acclimatization to higher altitudes?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Hematocrit (RBCs)
Diffusing capacity of lungs
Tissue vascularity, capillary density
Ability of tissues to use O2 (increased mitochondria and cellular oxidative systems)
Synthesis of 2,3-DPG (shifts to dissociation)

38
Q

Increased synthesis of 2,3-DPG is an advantage for what part of the body? Disadvantage?

A

Tissues - advantage

Lung - disadvantage

39
Q

How are people who lives in the Andes and Himalayas able to withstand the high altitudes?

A

Natural acclimatization that begins in infancy

40
Q

How do those that live in high altitude locations like the Andes and Himalayas differ?

A

Increased chest to body ratio
High ratio of ventilatory capacity to body mass
Increased right ventricle
Shift in oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve

41
Q

What is the shift seen in the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve in those that live in higher altitudes that have naturally acclimatized?

A

PO2 of 40 mmHg have greater O2 in blood than lowlanders at 95)

42
Q

Who has a greater work capacity: those naturally acclimatized to high altitudes or well-acclimatized lowlanders at high altitudes?

A

Naturally acclimatized

43
Q

How does barometric pressure change as we descend beneath the sea?

A

Increases tremendously

44
Q

How do we avoid lung collapse as we descend below sea level?

A

Air is supplied at high pressures

45
Q

What is hyperbarism?

A

Exposing pulmonary capillary blood to extremely high alveolar gas pressures (can be lethal)

46
Q

What is the effect of high nitrogen partial pressure?

A

Narcosis in about an hour

47
Q

When does nitrogen narcosis lead to dysfunction?

A

Beyond 250 ft below sea level

48
Q

Nitrogen narcosis is similar to what other sensation?

A

Alcohol intoxication

49
Q

How does high PN2 affect function?

A

Nitrogen dissolves in neuronal membranes and alters ionic conductance

50
Q

What is the effect of high PO2?

A

Seizures followed by coma within 30-60 minutes (lethal to divers)

51
Q

How does high PO2 lead to seizures and coma?

A

Free radical damage to cell membranes and cellular enzymes

52
Q

What type of tissue is highly susceptible to damage from high PO2 levels?

A

Nervous tissue

53
Q

How can oxygen toxicity be prevented?

A

If one never exceeds the established maximum depth of a given breathing gas

54
Q

How do divers avoid oxygen toxicity?

A

Use hypoxic blends with a lower percentage of O2 than atmospheric air past 180 ft

55
Q

Increased partial pressure of what gas usually isn’t a problem with depth?

A

PCO2 (doesn’t increase with depth)

56
Q

What problems can arise from PCO2 being greater than 80 mmHg?

A 
Depression of respiratory centers
Respiratory acidosis
Lethargy
Narcosis
Anesthesia
57
Q

Why is it necessary to ascend to reduce high levels of PN2?

A

N2 isn’t metabolized by the body so it remains dissolved in tissues

58
Q

How long does it usually take for gas pressures of N2 in all body tissues to equilibrate with alveolar PN2?

A

Several hours

59
Q

What is decompression?

A

Increased PN2 due to breathing air under high pressure for an extended period of time

60
Q

Why does it take a few hours for PN2 equilibration of tissues?

A

Blood doesn’t flow rapidly enough and N2 doesn’t diffuse rapidly enough

61
Q

Does N2 dissolve faster in water or fat?

A

Water (less than 1 hour)

62
Q

How does decompression sickness affect the circulatory system?

A

Nitrogen out of fluids creating bubbles that can block many blood vessels (small ones first, then larger ones)

63
Q

What are the signs of symptoms of decompression sickness?

A

Pain in joints, muscles of arms and legs

Nervous system issues like dizziness, paralysis, unconsciousness

64
Q

How is decompression sickness prevented?

A

Gradual ascent from lower levels to allow time for body to acclimate (total decompression time = 3 hours)

65
Q

The lung ranks second as an organ of body metabolism behind what other organ?

A

Liver

66
Q

What is the advantage that the lung has over the liver when it comes to metabolism?

A

All blood passes through the lungs with every complete cycle

67
Q

What organs receive the greatest blood flow per gram of tissue?

A

Kidneys (due to their filtration function)

68
Q

What are examples of the lung’s metabolic function?

A

Angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II

Prostaglandins inactivated in one pass through pulmonary circulation

Physiology III Exam Three (7 decks)

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