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Physiology III Exam Three > Gases > Flashcards

Gases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the summation of the major gas laws?

A

PV=nRT

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2
Q

What is the overall concept of Boyle’s Law?

A

At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure it exerts

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3
Q

What is the overall concept of Avogadro’s Law?

A

Equal volume of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules

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4
Q

What is the overall concept of Charles’ Law?

A

At a constant pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional to its absolute temperature

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5
Q

What is the “R” in PV=nRT?

A

Gas constant

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6
Q

What is the overall concept of Graham’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

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7
Q

What is the overall concept of Henry’s Law?

A

The quantity of gas that can dissolve in a fluid is equal to the partial pressure of the gas multiplied by the solubility coefficient

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8
Q

What is the overall concept of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?

A

The pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressure exerted by each gas

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9
Q

What is the vapor pressure of water?

A

Pressure that is exerted by the water molecules to escape from the liquid to air

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10
Q

The vapor pressure of water is due to what action?

A

Molecular motion

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11
Q

The vapor pressure of water is proportional to what?

A

Temperature

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12
Q

At body temperature (37 degrees Celsius), what is the vapor pressure of water?

A

47 mmHg

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13
Q

What effect does increased temperature have on molecular motion?

A

Increased

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14
Q

If temperature increase, how is the vapor pressure of water affected?

A

Also increases

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15
Q

What two gasses change in number the most dramatically as air goes from the atmosphere into our lungs?

A

Water vapor and carbon dioxide

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16
Q

What happens to the atmospheric air as it goes from the atmosphere into our lungs?

A

Dilution of water vapor from respiratory passageways and CO2 from the blood

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17
Q

What gasses diminish as the atmospheric air enters our lungs?

A

Nitrogen and oxygen

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18
Q

What are the most abundant gasses in the atmospheric air?

A

Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon (in that order)

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19
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and temperature?

A

Proportional (but temperature stays relatively constant)

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20
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and solubility?

A

Proportional

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21
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and cross-sectional area?

A

Proportional (but area varies overall)

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22
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and the square root of molecular weight?

A

Inversely proportional (but weight is fixed)

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23
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and the concentration gradient?

A

Proportional (gradient varies)

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24
Q

What is the relationship between respiratory membrane diffusion and the distance involved?

A

Inversely proportional (distance varies)

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25
Q

Solubility and the square root of molecular weight are considered what features?

A

Properties of the gas (therefore are constant)

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26
Q

Which is more diffusible: carbon dioxide or oxygen?

A

CO2 by 20X

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27
Q

Which is more diffusible: nitrogen or oxygen?

A

Oxygen (nitrogen is half as diffusible)

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28
Q

Where are oxygen levels lower: atmosphere or alveoli?

A

Alveoli

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29
Q

Where are carbon dioxide levels higher: atmosphere or alveoli?

A

Alveoli

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30
Q

What makes up the two layers of the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar epithelium, capillary endothelium

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31
Q

About how thick is the respiratory membrane?

A

.5-.6 microns

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32
Q

What is the total surface area of the respiratory membrane?

A

50-100 square meters

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33
Q

About how many milliliters of pulmonary capillary blood is seen in the respiratory membrane?

A

60-140 mL

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34
Q

When does oxygen diffusion of the respiratory membrane increase?

A

Exercise

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35
Q

As one expires a normal tidal volume (500 mL), how do oxygen and carbon dioxide levels change?

A

Oxygen falls, carbon dioxide rises

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36
Q

What makes up the middle 150 mL of expired air?

A

Mixture of dead space and alveolar air

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37
Q

What makes up the last 250 mL of expired air?

A

Alveolar air

38
Q

What makes up the last 100 mL of expired air?

A

Dead space

39
Q

Does each normal breath turn over the total alveolar air volume?

A

No, small percentage

40
Q

Approximately how many breaths are necessary for complete turnover of alveolar air?

41
Q

Why is a slow turnover rate of alveolar air beneficial?

A

Prevents large changes in gas concentration in alveoli from breath to breath (acts as a buffer)

42
Q

What is the usual rate of alveolar ventilation to pulmonary capillary perfusion?

A

4L/5L = .8 overall V/P ratio

43
Q

What is usually the cause of a decrease in the ventilation to perfusion ratio?

A

Problem with decreased ventilation

44
Q

What is usually the cause of an increase in the ventilation to perfusion ratio?

A

Problem with decreased perfusion of lungs

45
Q

During decreased ventilation-perfusion ratios, the alveolar PO2 and PCO2 change to look more like what blood averages?

A

Venous (alveolar PO2 decreases to 40 mmHg and alveolar PCO2 increases 45 mmHg)

46
Q

What is the result of a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Physiologic shunt blood and blood that is not oxygenated as it passes the lung

47
Q

What is the overall concept of a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Not enough ventilation for the amount of pulmonary blood flow (perfusion)

48
Q

What is the overall concept of an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Not enough pulmonary blood flow (perfusion) for the amount of ventilation

49
Q

During increased ventilation-perfusion ratios, the alveolar PO2 and PCO2 change to look more like what levels?

A

Atmospheric levels (alveolar PO2 increases toward 149 mmHg, alveolar PCO2 decreases toward 0 mmHg)

50
Q

What is the result of an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?

A

Increase of physiologic dead space

51
Q

What is the result of a V/P ratio of .2?

A

Increased physiologic shunt blood (ratio decreased)

52
Q

What is the result of a V/P ratio of 4?

A

Increased physiologic dead space (ratio increased)

53
Q

What is VO2 maximum?

A

Maximum oxygen that can be absorbed from the lung and delivered to the tissue per minute

54
Q

What is used as the best measure of cardiovascular fitness?

A

VO2 maximum

55
Q

What limits VO2 maximum measurements?

A

Cardiac output (NOT pulmonary ventilation)

56
Q

During exercise training, what measurements are able to be improved and which stay constant?

A

VO2 maximum improves, maximum heart rate stays constant

57
Q

Why is VO2 maximum able to improve due to exercise training?

A

Due to increase in maximum stroke volume

58
Q

What is the average VO2 maximum level of a cardiac patient? Sedentary person? Endurance athlete?

A
  1. 5L/min - cardiac patient
  2. 0L/min - sedentary person
  3. 0L/min - endurance athlete
59
Q

What is oxygen uptake at rest?

60
Q

Which stays constant and which decreases during exercise: AO2 or VO2?

A

AO2 stays constant

VO2 decreases

61
Q

Where is the majority of the oxygen located when carried from lungs to tissue?

A

Bound to hemoglobin (97%)

62
Q

Where is the remaining oxygen located when carried from lungs to tissue that is not bound to hemoglobin?

A

Dissolved (3%)

63
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Increases carrying capacity 30-100 fold

64
Q

Where is the majority of carbon dioxide located when carried from tissues to the lungs?

A

Bicarbonate ion (70%)

65
Q

Where is the remaining carbon dioxide located when carried from tissues to the lungs that isn’t in bicarbonate ions?

A

23% bound to hemoglobin and other proteins

7% dissolved

66
Q

Why isn’t the amount of oxygen carried from the lungs to tissues equal to the amount of carbon dioxide carried from the tissues to the lungs?

A

20% of oxygen transported ends up as metabolic water

67
Q

What is the difference between the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide transported between lungs and tissue?

A

5/4 (oxygen to carbon dioxide)

68
Q

What is the pH of oxygenated arterial blood?

69
Q

What is the pH of deoxygenated venous blood?

70
Q

Which is slightly more acidic: arterial or venous blood?

A

Venous blood

71
Q

How can exercise affect the pH of venous blood?

A

Could drop to 6.9

72
Q

What counteracts against the slightly more acidic venous blood?

A

Blood buffers

73
Q

What is the ratio of CO2 output to O2 uptake?

74
Q

What happens to 80% of the oxygen in cells?

A

Converted to carbon dioxide

75
Q

What happens to 20% of the oxygen in cells?

A

Converted to metabolic water

76
Q

How does increased fatty acid utilization for energy affect the amount of metabolic water created from oxygen in cells?

A

Increases to a maximum of 30%

77
Q

In what situation is no metabolic water generated from oxygen in the cells? What is the result?

A

If only carbohydrates are being used for energy

Result = all oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide

78
Q

When only carbohydrates are being used for energy, how does the ratio of CO2 output to O2 uptake change?

A

Ratio approaches 1

79
Q

How is hemoglobin affected by decreased partial pressure of oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin releases more oxygen

80
Q

In which vascular structures do we see 97% saturation of PO2?

A

Arteries (95 mmHg)

81
Q

In which vascular structures do we see a 70% saturation of PO2?

A

Veins (40 mmHg)

82
Q

What change in PO2 causes a large release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A

SLIGHT decrease in PO2 (due to sigmoid shaped curve)

83
Q

Why does a slight decrease in PO2 elicit the greatest release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A

Steep portion of curve below a PO2 of 40 mmHg

84
Q

Increases in what things leads to a shift toward oxy-hemoglobin dissociation (right)?

A

Increased temperature, CO2 (Bohr effect), 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)

85
Q

What kind of change to pH can promote dissociation in tissues (right shift)

A

Drop in pH

86
Q

What kinds of things can promote association (left shift)?

A

Decreased CO2, temperature, and 2,3 DPG

87
Q

What is the location for association (left shift)?

88
Q

What is the location for dissociated (right shift)?

89
Q

What is the major factor influencing the release of oxygen from hemoglobin?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)

90
Q

What is an example of a location where PO2 is 40 mmHg?

A

Superior or inferior vena cava (mixed venous blood)

91
Q

What is the PO2 of oxygenated arterial blood?

Physiology III Exam Three (7 decks)

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