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Physiology III Exam Three > Lung Volumes > Flashcards

Lung Volumes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the amount of air moved in or out each breath and how much is it usually?

A

Tidal volume (500mL/half a liter)

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2
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can inspire above normal inspiration and how much is it usually?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000mL)

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3
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can expire below normal expiration and how much is it usually?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (1100mL)

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4
Q

What is the term for the volume of air left in the lungs after maximum expiratory effort and how much is it usually?

A

Residual Volume (1200mL)

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5
Q

Which volumes of the lung are able to be measured by spirometer?

A 
Tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Capacity
Vital Capacity
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6
Q

What volumes of the lung cannot be measured by spirometer?

A

Total Lung Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume

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7
Q

What is the term for the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration?

A

Functional residual capacity

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8
Q

What lung volume is the balance point of lung recoil and chest wall forces?

A

Functional residual capacity

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9
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can inspire during an inspiratory effort?

A

Inspiratory capacity

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10
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can exchange in a respiratory cycle?

A

Vital capacity

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11
Q

What is the term for the volume of the air in the lungs at full inflation?

A

Total lung capacity

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12
Q

What encompasses the FRC?

A

RV+ERV

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13
Q

What encompasses the IC?

A

TV+IRV

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14
Q

What encompasses the VC?

A

IRV+TV+ERV

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15
Q

What encompasses the TLC?

A

IRV+TV+ERV+RV

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16
Q

What method is used to measure RV, FRC, and TLC instead of a spirometer?

A

Helium dilution method

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17
Q

Which is easiest to measure: RV, FRC, or TLC?

A

FRC

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18
Q

Once FRC has been determined, how could you find RV?

A

RV = FRC-ERV

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19
Q

Once FRC has been determined, how could you find TLC?

A

RV+VC

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20
Q

Which lung volumes are decreased with restrictive lung conditions?

A

VC, IRV, IC (issues with inspiration)

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21
Q

What is the difference between how obstructive lung conditions and restrictive lung conditions affect the lungs?

A

Obstructive - decreased flow rate

Restrictive - decreased expansion

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22
Q

Which lung volume exhibits the most dramatic change in volume with restrictive lung conditions?

A

VC (decreases)

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23
Q

Why is maximum ventilatory volume tested for only 12 seconds?

A

Avoid problems that can arise from hyperventilation

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24
Q

How do we find minute respiratory volume?

A

Respiratory rate X tidal volume

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25
Q

What is the problem that results from both restrictive and obstructive lung conditions?

A

Combined pulmonary disease

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26
Q

Ankylosing spondylosis presents what type of lung condition: restrictive or obstructive?

A

Restrictive

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27
Q

Which is a result of decreased forced expiratory volume (FEV): restrictive or obstructive lung conditions?

A

Obstructive

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28
Q

Which is a result of decreased VC: restrictive or obstructive lung conditions?

A

Restrictive

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29
Q

Compare the surface areas of the trachea and alveoli?

A

Trachea - 2 square centimeters

Alveoli - 50-100 square meters

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30
Q

What is the branching pattern in the respiratory system?

A

Trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts to sacs –> alveoli

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31
Q

How many total generations of branching are there?

A

20: 11 in bronchi, 5 in bronchioles, 4 in respiratory bronchioles

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32
Q

Where can cartilage be found in the respiratory airways?

A

Trachea

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33
Q

Where is cartilage absent in the respiratory airways?

A

Bronchioles

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34
Q

About how many alveoli are there?

A

300 million

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35
Q

Compare the surface area of the skin to the alveoli?

A

Skin- 2 square meters

Alveoli - 50-100 square meters

36
Q

What is dead space?

A

Area where gas exchange cannot occur

37
Q

Where can we find dead space?

A

Most of the airway volume

38
Q

About how much anatomical dead space do we see in the airways?

39
Q

What makes up the physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space + nonfunctional alveoli

40
Q

How is dead space calculated?

A

Using a pure oxygen inspiratior and measuring nitrogen in expired air

41
Q

What is alveolar volume?

A

FRC-dead space

42
Q

About how much is alveolar volume?

A

2150 mL (FRC is 2300 mL minus dead space which is 150 mL)

43
Q

At the end of normal expiration, where is most of the FRC located?

A

Level of alveoli

44
Q

About how many breaths does it take for a full turnover of alveolar air?

A

6-7 breaths(slow)

45
Q

Which has a stronger effect on the airways: direct or indirect sympathetic stimulation?

46
Q

Why is direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the airways weak?

A

Sparse innervation

47
Q

What makes up the indirect sympathetic stimulatory effect on the airways?

A

Circulating epinephrine

48
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the airways?

49
Q

Which receptors are responsible for the dilatory effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the airways?

A

Beta receptors

50
Q

What is the parasympathetic effect on the airways?

A

Constriction

51
Q

Which receptors are responsible for the constricting effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the airways?

A

Muscarinic receptors

52
Q

What effect do both VIP and NO have on the airways?

A

Bronchodilitation

53
Q

What are the NANC nerves?

A

Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic

54
Q

What is the function of the NANC nerves?

A

Inhibitory function by release of VIP and NO

Stimulatory function leading to mucus secretion, vascular hyperpermeability, cough, neurogenic inlammation

55
Q

What kind of receptors are involved with the reflex control of breathing and the cough reflex?

A

Stretch receptors which are slow adapting receptors

56
Q

Slow adapting receptors are associated with what part of the proximal airways?

A

Smooth muscle (afferent nerves)

57
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors of afferent nerves are sensitive to what substances?

A

Mechanical stimulation, protons, low Cl- solutions, histamine, cigarette smoke, ozone, serotonin, PGF-2alpha

58
Q

Which high-density fibers are involved in the autonomic control of airways?

59
Q

What neuropeptides are contained in C-fibers?

A

Substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide

60
Q

What substance can selectively stimulate the C-fibers in the airways?

A

Capsaicin (found in peppers)

61
Q

What else can activate the C-fibers in the airways?

A

Bradykinin, protons, hyperosmole solutions, and cigarette smoke

62
Q

What is the result from histamine binding to H1 receptors?

A

Constriction

63
Q

What is the result from histamine binding to H2 receptors?

64
Q

What is the result from prostaglandins E series?

65
Q

What is the result from prostaglandins F series?

A

Constriction

66
Q

Elicit constriction of the airways due to environmental pollution is mediated by what?

A

Parasympathetic reflex and local constrictor responses

67
Q

What kinds of things constitute as environmental pollution?

A

Smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide

68
Q

What organ regulates HCO3-?

69
Q

What organ regulates CO2?

70
Q

What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on ventilation?

A

Increased (HCO3- less than 24)

71
Q

What is the effect of metabolic alkalosis on ventilation?

A

Decreased (HCO3- >24)

72
Q

What is the normal level of HCO3-?

73
Q

What is the normal level of CO2?

74
Q

What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on ventilation?

A

Increased (CO2 > 40)

75
Q

What is the effect of respiratory alkalosis on ventilation?

A

Decreased (CO2 less than 40)

76
Q

Which is thicker: pulmonary artery wall or aorta?

A

Aorta (pulmonary artery wall is 1/3 as thick)

77
Q

Which is thicker: right ventricle of left ventricle?

A

Left ventricle (right ventricle is 1/3 as thick)

78
Q

Why do pulmonary arterties have larger lumens?

A

To be more compliant
To operate under a lower pressure
To accommodate 2/3 of SV from right ventricle

79
Q

Compare pulmonary veins to systemic veins.

A

Pulmonary veins = shorter but have similar compliance

80
Q

What is the total pulmonic blood volume?

A

450 mL (9% of total blood volume)

81
Q

How can mitral stenosis affect pulmonary volume?

A

Increased by 100%

82
Q

Are shifts in total pulmonic blood volume more effective on pulmonary or systemic circulation?

83
Q

What arteries branch off of the thoracic aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the supporting tissue and airways of the lung?

A

Systemic bronchial arteries

84
Q

What is the venous drainage of the lungs?

A

Half into the azygous vein, half into pulmonary veins

85
Q

What is seen when drainage occurs into pulmonary veins?

A

LV output is slightly greater than RV output (1%) and some deoxygenated blood is dumped into oxygenated pulmonary venous blood

Physiology III Exam Three (7 decks)

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