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Physiology III Exam Three > Lung Volumes > Flashcards

Lung Volumes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for the amount of air moved in or out each breath and how much is it usually?

A

Tidal volume (500mL/half a liter)

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2
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can inspire above normal inspiration and how much is it usually?

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000mL)

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3
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can expire below normal expiration and how much is it usually?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (1100mL)

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4
Q

What is the term for the volume of air left in the lungs after maximum expiratory effort and how much is it usually?

A

Residual Volume (1200mL)

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5
Q

Which volumes of the lung are able to be measured by spirometer?

A 
Tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Inspiratory Capacity
Vital Capacity
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6
Q

What volumes of the lung cannot be measured by spirometer?

A

Total Lung Capacity
Functional Residual Capacity
Residual Volume

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7
Q

What is the term for the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal expiration?

A

Functional residual capacity

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8
Q

What lung volume is the balance point of lung recoil and chest wall forces?

A

Functional residual capacity

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9
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can inspire during an inspiratory effort?

A

Inspiratory capacity

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10
Q

What is the term for the maximum volume one can exchange in a respiratory cycle?

A

Vital capacity

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11
Q

What is the term for the volume of the air in the lungs at full inflation?

A

Total lung capacity

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12
Q

What encompasses the FRC?

A

RV+ERV

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13
Q

What encompasses the IC?

A

TV+IRV

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14
Q

What encompasses the VC?

A

IRV+TV+ERV

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15
Q

What encompasses the TLC?

A

IRV+TV+ERV+RV

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16
Q

What method is used to measure RV, FRC, and TLC instead of a spirometer?

A

Helium dilution method

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17
Q

Which is easiest to measure: RV, FRC, or TLC?

A

FRC

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18
Q

Once FRC has been determined, how could you find RV?

A

RV = FRC-ERV

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19
Q

Once FRC has been determined, how could you find TLC?

A

RV+VC

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20
Q

Which lung volumes are decreased with restrictive lung conditions?

A

VC, IRV, IC (issues with inspiration)

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21
Q

What is the difference between how obstructive lung conditions and restrictive lung conditions affect the lungs?

A

Obstructive - decreased flow rate

Restrictive - decreased expansion

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22
Q

Which lung volume exhibits the most dramatic change in volume with restrictive lung conditions?

A

VC (decreases)

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23
Q

Why is maximum ventilatory volume tested for only 12 seconds?

A

Avoid problems that can arise from hyperventilation

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24
Q

How do we find minute respiratory volume?

A

Respiratory rate X tidal volume

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25
What is the problem that results from both restrictive and obstructive lung conditions?
Combined pulmonary disease
26
Ankylosing spondylosis presents what type of lung condition: restrictive or obstructive?
Restrictive
27
Which is a result of decreased forced expiratory volume (FEV): restrictive or obstructive lung conditions?
Obstructive
28
Which is a result of decreased VC: restrictive or obstructive lung conditions?
Restrictive
29
Compare the surface areas of the trachea and alveoli?
Trachea - 2 square centimeters | Alveoli - 50-100 square meters
30
What is the branching pattern in the respiratory system?
Trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts to sacs --> alveoli
31
How many total generations of branching are there?
20: 11 in bronchi, 5 in bronchioles, 4 in respiratory bronchioles
32
Where can cartilage be found in the respiratory airways?
Trachea
33
Where is cartilage absent in the respiratory airways?
Bronchioles
34
About how many alveoli are there?
300 million
35
Compare the surface area of the skin to the alveoli?
Skin- 2 square meters | Alveoli - 50-100 square meters
36
What is dead space?
Area where gas exchange cannot occur
37
Where can we find dead space?
Most of the airway volume
38
About how much anatomical dead space do we see in the airways?
150 mL
39
What makes up the physiological dead space?
Anatomical dead space + nonfunctional alveoli
40
How is dead space calculated?
Using a pure oxygen inspiratior and measuring nitrogen in expired air
41
What is alveolar volume?
FRC-dead space
42
About how much is alveolar volume?
2150 mL (FRC is 2300 mL minus dead space which is 150 mL)
43
At the end of normal expiration, where is most of the FRC located?
Level of alveoli
44
About how many breaths does it take for a full turnover of alveolar air?
6-7 breaths(slow)
45
Which has a stronger effect on the airways: direct or indirect sympathetic stimulation?
Indirect
46
Why is direct effect of sympathetic stimulation on the airways weak?
Sparse innervation
47
What makes up the indirect sympathetic stimulatory effect on the airways?
Circulating epinephrine
48
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the airways?
Dilation
49
Which receptors are responsible for the dilatory effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the airways?
Beta receptors
50
What is the parasympathetic effect on the airways?
Constriction
51
Which receptors are responsible for the constricting effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the airways?
Muscarinic receptors
52
What effect do both VIP and NO have on the airways?
Bronchodilitation
53
What are the NANC nerves?
Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic
54
What is the function of the NANC nerves?
Inhibitory function by release of VIP and NO | Stimulatory function leading to mucus secretion, vascular hyperpermeability, cough, neurogenic inlammation
55
What kind of receptors are involved with the reflex control of breathing and the cough reflex?
Stretch receptors which are slow adapting receptors
56
Slow adapting receptors are associated with what part of the proximal airways?
Smooth muscle (afferent nerves)
57
Rapidly adapting receptors of afferent nerves are sensitive to what substances?
Mechanical stimulation, protons, low Cl- solutions, histamine, cigarette smoke, ozone, serotonin, PGF-2alpha
58
Which high-density fibers are involved in the autonomic control of airways?
C-fibers
59
What neuropeptides are contained in C-fibers?
Substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide
60
What substance can selectively stimulate the C-fibers in the airways?
Capsaicin (found in peppers)
61
What else can activate the C-fibers in the airways?
Bradykinin, protons, hyperosmole solutions, and cigarette smoke
62
What is the result from histamine binding to H1 receptors?
Constriction
63
What is the result from histamine binding to H2 receptors?
Dilation
64
What is the result from prostaglandins E series?
Dilation
65
What is the result from prostaglandins F series?
Constriction
66
Elicit constriction of the airways due to environmental pollution is mediated by what?
Parasympathetic reflex and local constrictor responses
67
What kinds of things constitute as environmental pollution?
Smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide
68
What organ regulates HCO3-?
Kidneys
69
What organ regulates CO2?
Lungs
70
What is the effect of metabolic acidosis on ventilation?
Increased (HCO3- less than 24)
71
What is the effect of metabolic alkalosis on ventilation?
Decreased (HCO3- >24)
72
What is the normal level of HCO3-?
24mEq/L
73
What is the normal level of CO2?
40 mmHg
74
What is the effect of respiratory acidosis on ventilation?
Increased (CO2 > 40)
75
What is the effect of respiratory alkalosis on ventilation?
Decreased (CO2 less than 40)
76
Which is thicker: pulmonary artery wall or aorta?
Aorta (pulmonary artery wall is 1/3 as thick)
77
Which is thicker: right ventricle of left ventricle?
Left ventricle (right ventricle is 1/3 as thick)
78
Why do pulmonary arterties have larger lumens?
To be more compliant To operate under a lower pressure To accommodate 2/3 of SV from right ventricle
79
Compare pulmonary veins to systemic veins.
Pulmonary veins = shorter but have similar compliance
80
What is the total pulmonic blood volume?
450 mL (9% of total blood volume)
81
How can mitral stenosis affect pulmonary volume?
Increased by 100%
82
Are shifts in total pulmonic blood volume more effective on pulmonary or systemic circulation?
Pulmonary
83
What arteries branch off of the thoracic aorta to supply oxygenated blood to the supporting tissue and airways of the lung?
Systemic bronchial arteries
84
What is the venous drainage of the lungs?
Half into the azygous vein, half into pulmonary veins
85
What is seen when drainage occurs into pulmonary veins?
LV output is slightly greater than RV output (1%) and some deoxygenated blood is dumped into oxygenated pulmonary venous blood

Physiology III Exam Three (7 decks)

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