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Respiratory block Flashcards

1
Q

characteristic sign of COPD on a CXR?

A

flattened diaphragm (lung hyperinflation depresses the diaphragm)

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2
Q

what is a pleural effusion and what conditions is it associated with?

A 
excess fluid in the pleural space.
generally due to:
-infection
-malignancy
-heart failure
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3
Q

What is empyema?

A

Pus in the pleural space because of infection

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4
Q

What is emphysema?

A

damage to the lung parenchyma/alveoli

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5
Q

what is bronchiectasis?

A

abnormal, fixed dilation of the bronchi due to infection and inflammation

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6
Q

What is an abscesses?

A

painful collection of pus caused by a bacterial infection (can happen anywhere in the body)

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7
Q

What is cavitation? What conditions are assoc. with it?

A

Forming cavities in the organs or tissues

TB or other bacterial infections

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8
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

chronic productive cough for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years

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9
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space/collapsed lung

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10
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

When air can enter the pleural space but can’t leave creating a one way valve

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11
Q

Tell tale sign for tension pneumothorax?

A

trachea deviates away from the affected side on examination

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12
Q

What is O SHIT MAN used for and what is the mneumonic?

A 
Acute asthma/asthma attack management 
O- oxygen 
S- Salbutamol nebulised 
H- hydrocortisone IV
I- Ipratropium nebulised
T-theophylline IV
M- magnesium IV 
AN-anaesthetic management
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13
Q

What is the iSOAP mneumonic used for? and what is it?

A 
Acute COPD exacerbations
i-ipratropium nebulised 
S-salbutamol 
O-Oxygen
A-IV amoxicillin (or doxycycline if penicillin allergic)
P- prednisolone oral
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14
Q

How does PE affect acid-base balance?

A

Causes respiratory alkalosis

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15
Q

How would you describe pleuritic chest pain?

A

Sudden, intense, sharp

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16
Q

How does a pneumothorax present?

A

ipsilateral pleuritic chest pain, diminished breath sounds and hyper-resonant chest.

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17
Q

What conditions are associated with a pneumothorax?

A

lung cancer, COPD, CF, TB, pneumocystitis pneumonia

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18
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura, same as pleuritis

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19
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

A measure of the ease of expansion of the lungs and thorax

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20
Q

Does lung compliance increase or decrease with old age and emphysema and why?

A

It increases due to loss of elastic recoil. A sick lung has decreased elasticity (and decreased transpulmonary pressure)

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21
Q

How do asthma and COPD affect FVC?

A

Asthma preserves FVC and COPD lowers it

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22
Q

How do asthma and COPD affect the FEV1/FVC ratio?

A

Both lower it to less than 75%

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23
Q

How do asthma and COPD affect FEV1?

A

Both lower it

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24
Q

What is the pharynx and what are it’s 3 parts?

A

throat

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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25
What is the larynx?
voice box
26
What is the carina and what level is it found at?
Tracheal bifurcation | T4/T5 level
27
Which lung has three lobes and what are they called?
Right lung (the other has two) - upper - middle - lower
28
What type of heart failure can COPD cause?
cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure)
29
What's a pleural effusion?
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
30
What is a pulmonary oedema?
Fluid in the lungs
31
What type of drug is salbutamol? What is its potential side effect?
Beta 2 agonist | Hypokalaemia
32
If someone has Cushing's, what lung cancer are they more likely to get?
Small cell lung cancer
33
What is Curb 65 Score used for?
predicting mortality risk in community acquired pneumonia
34
What do amiophylline and theophylline do?
They inhibit phosphodiesterase causing bronchodilation.
35
How does phosphodiesterase cause bronchoconstriction?
Phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP. cAMP in smooth muscle causes bronchodilation.
36
What is angiodema?
rapid swelling under the skin generally because of allergic reaction
37
What type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with smokers?
Squamous cell carcinoma
38
What type of lung cancer is more commonly associated with non-smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
39
What's the most common lung cancer overall?
Adenocarcinoma
40
Which lung cancers are almost exclusive to smokers?
Small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
41
What's a pancoast tumour and what can it present with?
Tumour in the apex (top) of the lung. It can cause hoarse voice if it messes with the laryngeal nerve or upper limb/shoulder pain if it affects the brachial plexus.
42
What is a mesothelioma? Exposure to what is likely to cause this?
Malignancy of the pleural (mesothelial cells) | Commonly associated with asbestos exposure.
43
What is pleurocentesis?
Removing fluid or air from the pleural space e.g. to diagnose a mesothelioma or treat a pleural effusion
44
Which lung cancers are associated with finger clubbing?
Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
45
Which lung cancers are more likely to arise peripherally?
Adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
46
Which lung cancer is more likely to affect the bronchi/bronchial glands?
Adenocarcinoma
47
What type of lung cancer grows and metastasises fastest?
Small cell lung cancer
48
Which types of lung cancer tend to be centrally located?
Squamous cell and small cell carcinomas
49
What type of lung cancer is more commonly associated with paraneoplastic syndromes?
Small cell carcinoma
50
What is achalasia?
Lower oesophageal sphincter fails to open during swallowing
51
What type of drug is ipatropium?
SAMA
52
typical symptoms of bronchiectasis?
large amounts of daily productive sputum, weight loss, haemoptysis (potentially long standing cough and definitely recurrent infections)
53
What does a saddle shaped ST elevation indicate?
pericarditis
54
How do you distinguish between type 1 and type 2 respiratory failure (what test would you do)?
ABG
55
What do you use CURB 65 for? And what does each letter stand for?
``` To risk stratify in CAP Confusion Urea Resp rate Blood pressure Over 65 ```
56
What antibiotics do you give for most COPD infective exacerbations? What do you do if the person is penicillin allergic?
Most COPD infective exacerbations are caused by pneumococcus/strep pneumoniae and H influenzae, for this you give oral amoxicillin. If patient is penicillin allergic, give a tetracycline (e.g. doxycycline) or a macrolide (e.g. clarithromyocin).
57
How does COPD affect FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio and PEFR?
FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, FVC and PEFR are all reduced
58
How does asthma affect FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio and PEFR?
FVC is normal and everything else is reduced
59
How does a restrictive lung disease affect FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, FEV1 and PEFR?
FEV1/FVC ratio is normal and PEFR is normal (PEFR is only reduced if obstruction is present) everything else is reduced (because the FEV1 and FVC are reduced proportionally so it doesn't affect the ratio)
60
What's the most common cause of bronchiolitis?
RSV
61
What virus is most commonly associated with pandemics?
Influenza A
62
What is the common cold usually caused by?
Rhinovirus
63
Multiple people contract pneumonia in an air conditioned space, what is the likely causative organism?
Legionella pneumophilia
64
Where do you find legionella?
In water- natural bodies like lakes and also water systems like air conditioning and pools
65
What patients may have pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci?
Generally only HIV patients
66
What is consolidation?
Fluid accumulating in the alveoli/bronchioles/lung parenchyma as a result of infection (generally seen in pneumonia)
67
What is pulse pressure and what factors affect it?
pulse pressure: systolic pressure - diastolic pressure factors affecting it: - less compliant aorta - increase stroke volume

Medical terms (6 decks)

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