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Medical terms > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what is a positive murphy’s sign? what condition does it indicate?

A

pain when patient takes a deep breath in and you’re palpating the right subcostal area/inspiratory arrest when palpating right upper quadrant- pain on inspiration.
indicates acute cholecystitis.

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2
Q

What is Charcot’s triad? What condition does it indicate?

A

fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain.

Indicates cholangitis

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3
Q

What is Reynold’s pentad? What condition does it indicate?

A 
charcot's triad, hypotension and altered mental status.
Inidicates ascending (more severe) cholangitis.
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4
Q

What is Hernia?

A

When an organ pushes through muscle or tissue

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5
Q

What’s a hiatus hernia?

A

part of the stomach goes into the diaphragm through a weakened part of the diaphragm (hiatus).

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6
Q

What is tenesmus?

A

feeling of incomplete emptying when going to the toilet

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7
Q

What’s melena?

A

Dark, tarry stool associated with upper GI bleeding

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8
Q

What does TNM stand for in TNM staging?

A

T- tumour N-nodes M-metastases

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9
Q

What do the following mean in TNM staging: TX, T0, NX, N0, MO, M1?

A

TX Primary tumour cannot be assessed

T0 No evidence of primary tumour

NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

N0 No regional lymph node metastasis

M0 No distant metastasis

M1 Distant metastasis

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10
Q

What is HNPCC?

A

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
It is an autosomal dominant condition and the most common form of inherited colorectal cancer. (90% of people with the mutation go on to develop colorectal cancer)

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11
Q

What is cholangiocarcinoma?

A

bile duct cancer

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12
Q

What is a paralytic ileus?

A

A type of small bowel obstruction that commonly occurs after bowel surgery. Inflammation of the bowel causes reduced peristalsis as the inflammation causes overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.

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13
Q

What type of drug is naproxen? And what side effect is associated with this type of drug?

A

NSAIDs- gastric ulcers

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14
Q

What are the most common causes of pancreatitis in the UK?

A

gallstones and heavy alcohol use

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15
Q

What is dyspareunia?

A

painful vaginal sex

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16
Q

What is dysuria?

A

painful or difficult urination

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17
Q

What is Courvoisier’s sign?

A

A palpable/enlarged gallbladder with painless obstructive jaundice. This is unlikely to be gallstones but it could be a cholangiocarcinoma or pancreatic cancer.

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18
Q

When is pain from duodenal ulcers worse and what relieves it?

A

It’s a burning pain made worse between means and relieved by eating (food provides a buffer between the acid and the ulcer)

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19
Q

Describe appendicitis pain?

A

Starts centrally and radiates to the lower right quadrant (McBurney’s point)

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20
Q

How would you describe pain from duodenal ulcers?

A

Burning/gnawing and constant pain. May be in right upper abdomen but generally central.

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21
Q

What two ducts join together to form the common bile duct?

A

Cystic and hepatic duct

22
Q

analgesics increase the risk of what GI condition?

A

ulcers

23
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Indigestion; symptoms of this inc. bloating, pain after eating or drinking and heartburn

24
Q

What’s a GI side effect of CCBs?

A

dyspepsia (bc CCBs cause lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation)

25
Q

What is achalasia?

A

When the lower oesophageal sphincter fails to relax so food can’t pass down into the stomach. This is an oesophageal motility disorder.

26
Q

Where does pain typically present in Crohn’s?

A

right iliac fossa (bc that’s usually where the terminal ileum is positioned)

27
Q

Where does pain typically present in ulcerative colitis?

A

left lower quadrant

28
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

An autoimmune condition where gluten exposure causes small bowel inflammation (generally starts in early childhood but can be at any age).

29
Q

What is mallory weiss syndrome?

A

A tear in the mucosal membrane where the oesophagus meets the stomach. This is usually causes by repeated violent vomiting/coughing

30
Q

What is an anal fissure?

A

Small tear in the lining of the anus

31
Q

What is loperimide?

A

Imodium- used to treat diahorrea

32
Q

Define the following:

  • diverticulitis
  • diverticulosis
  • diverticular disease
A

Diverticulitis: inflamed diverticula
Diverticulosis: presence of a diverticula but asymptomatic
Diverticular disease: presence of a diverticula but symptomatic (but not inflamed diverticula)

33
Q

What is a diverticula?

A

pouches that form in hollow tubes like intestine

34
Q

Where is diverticulosis most and least common?

A

most common in the sigmoid colon

least common in the rectum

35
Q

What GI condition does rebound tenderness indicate?

A

appendicitis

36
Q

What is intussusception? Where is it more common?

A

The proximal bowel invaginates into a distal part of the bowel and causes bowel obstruction.
It is more common in the ileocolic region.

37
Q

What is haematemesis?

A

vomiting blood

38
Q

What do I cells secrete and where are they found?

A

I cells secrete CCK

I cells are found in the duodenum and jejunum

39
Q

What two organs does alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency affect?

A

lungs and liver

40
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

An autosomal recessive condition that leads to copper build up in the liver, brain and other vital organs

41
Q

What are the two types of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (affects squamous cell epithelium)

- Adenocarcinoma (affects columnar glandular epithelium)

42
Q

What do F cells secrete?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

43
Q

What are the four different types of gastric cancer and what cells do they affect?

A
  • adenocarcinoma (affects columnar glandular epithelial cells)
  • lymphoma (Affects lymphocytes)
  • carcinoid tumour (affect G cells in the stomach)
  • leiomyosarcoma (affects gastric smooth muscle cells)
44
Q

What is the most common type of gastric cancer and what are its two divisions?

A

Adenocarcinoma
2 types of adenocarcinoma:
-intestinal (well differentiated)
-diffuse (poorly differentiated)

45
Q

What is Cullen’s sign? What condition does Cullen’s sign signify?

A

Bruising around the umbilicus.

Acute pancreatitis.

46
Q

What is Rovsing’s sign? What does it suggest?

A

Left lower quadrant palpation causes right lower quadrant pain.
Appendicitis.

47
Q

Where is McBurney’s point? What does it indicate?

A

⅔ laterally between the umbilicus and anterior superior iliac spine
Appendicitis

48
Q

What are ascites?

A

Build up of fluid in the abdomen e.g. pancreatic ascites is pancreatic secretions building up in the peritoneum due to pancreatic duct injury.

49
Q

How can pancreatitis cause pleural effusion?

A

Pancreatitis can lead to a fistula formation between the pancreas and the pleura leading to pancreatic fluid building up in the pleural space.

50
Q

What is Duke’s criteria used for?

A

Endocarditis and colorectal cancer

51
Q

What is the difference between a direct and indirect inguinal hernia?

A

Direct inguinal hernias are caused by a weakness in the posterior wall of the inguinal canal whilst indirect inguinal hernias don’t affect the posterior wall and instead abdominal contents passes from the deep ring into the inguinal canal and exits through the superficial ring.

Medical terms (6 decks)

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