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Principles Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Which cancer is a BRCA 1 mutation assoc. with?

A

ovarian cancer

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2
Q

Which cancer is HER 2 mutation associated with?

A

breast cancer

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3
Q

What’s the main inflammatory cell in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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4
Q

What’s the main inflammatory cell in chronic inflammation?

A

macrophages

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5
Q

When does a drug need a loading dose?

A

When it’s got a long half life (bc it’ll take a long time to get to a steady concentration otherwise)

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6
Q

Benign cancers covering the epithelium are called?

A

Papillomas

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7
Q

Malignant cancers covering the epithelium are called?

A

Carcinomas

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8
Q

Are carcinoma in situ malignant?

A

No, these are pre-malignant

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9
Q

Connective tissue tumours end in sarcoma or oma, which of these is benign and which is malignant?

A

Connective tissue tumours ending in -oma are benign and connective tissue tumours ending in -sarcoma are malignant

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10
Q

What are the two types of glandular tumours?

A

Adenoma (benign) vs adenocarcinoma (malignant)

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11
Q

What is cachexia?

A

extreme weight loss and muscle wasting (e.g. if you have cancer)

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12
Q

Define the following terms:

  • dysplasia
  • metaplasia
  • hyperplasia
A
  • Dysplasia is disordered growth
  • metaplasia is differentiating from one mature cell type to another
  • hyperplasia is increase in cell number
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13
Q

What type of cells are carcinoid tumours present in?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

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14
Q

What is VCAM-1?

A

A cytokine adhesion molecule that mediates lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophils adherence to the vascular endothelium

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15
Q

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

A

The left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery

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16
Q

What ligament connects the aortic arch to the left pulmonary artery?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

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17
Q

What cells secrete insulating material in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
There are two types of cells that secrete myelin:
- outside the spinal cord these are Schwann cells
-within the CNS (brain and spinal cord) oligodendrocytes secrete myelin

18
Q

What is the difference between phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism?

A

Both make drugs more polar but

  • phase 1 metabolism involves oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis
  • phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation e.g. acetylation
19
Q

What are the five signs of acute inflammation?

A
  • rubor (redness)
  • calor (heat)
  • dolor (pain)
  • tumour (swelling)
  • loss of function
20
Q

Describe the route of the phrenic nerve

A

The phrenic nerve runs from the neck into the chest and runs anterior to the lung hilum and on the (lateral aspect) of the fibrous pericardium

21
Q

What’s Km?

A

Michaelis constant- it is the inverse of affinity for an enzyme (the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate alters Vmax)

22
Q

What’s VMax?

A

Rate of reaction at which the enzyme is saturated with the substrate i.e. the maximum rate of reaction

23
Q

How is Km measured practically?

A

It’s the concentration needed to achieve half of Vmax (high Km means low affinity of enzyme for substrate)

24
Q

What is on the x axis and y axis of a lineweaver-burke, plot?

A

x axis- conc of substrate

y axis- velocity of an enzyme inhibited reaction

25
Q

What process is the Krebs (TCA) cycle part of?

A

Aerobic respiration

26
Q

What are human factors?

A

Things that affect an individual’s performance like lack of awareness or stress

27
Q

What two suffixes for tumours signify malignancy?

A

Sarcoma and carcinoma

28
Q

Compare the thickness of the cell wall and the colour produced from gram staining for gram positive and gram negative bacteria

A
  • gram positive have a thicker cell wall and stain purple

- gram Negative have a thinner cell wall and stain piNk

29
Q

Are strep gram positive or gram negative?

A

gram positive

30
Q

Are staph gram positive or gram negative?

A

gram positive

31
Q

How are strep classified?

A

By their haemolysis on blood agar (alpha-haemolytic, beta haemolytic or no haemolysis)

32
Q

What do you use a coagulase test for?

A

Differentiating staph aureus (coagulase positive- gold) from other staph

33
Q

Is group A strep alpha or beta haemolytic?

A

beta haemolytic

34
Q

Is group B strep generally alpha or beta haemolytic?

A

beta haemolytic

35
Q

Are strep viridans and strep pneumoniae alpha or beta haemolytic?

A

alpha haemolytic

36
Q

Red currant jelly sputum indicates what organism?

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

37
Q

What shape is haemophilus influenzae? Is it gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative cocci

38
Q

What shape is pseudomonas aeruginosa? Is it gram positive or negative?

A

Gram negative bacilli

39
Q

What’s the main causative organism for meningitis in over 60s?

A

strep pneumoniae

40
Q

What’s the main cause of neonatal sepsis?

A

Group B Strep

Medical terms (6 decks)

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