Principles

Question 1

Which cancer is a BRCA 1 mutation assoc. with?

Answer 1

ovarian cancer

Question 2

Which cancer is HER 2 mutation associated with?

Answer 2

breast cancer

Question 3

What’s the main inflammatory cell in acute inflammation?

Answer 3

neutrophils

Question 4

What’s the main inflammatory cell in chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

macrophages

Question 5

When does a drug need a loading dose?

Answer 5

When it’s got a long half life (bc it’ll take a long time to get to a steady concentration otherwise)

Question 6

Benign cancers covering the epithelium are called?

Answer 6

Papillomas

Question 7

Malignant cancers covering the epithelium are called?

Answer 7

Carcinomas

Question 8

Are carcinoma in situ malignant?

Answer 8

No, these are pre-malignant

Question 9

Connective tissue tumours end in sarcoma or oma, which of these is benign and which is malignant?

Answer 9

Connective tissue tumours ending in -oma are benign and connective tissue tumours ending in -sarcoma are malignant

Question 10

What are the two types of glandular tumours?

Answer 10

Adenoma (benign) vs adenocarcinoma (malignant)

Question 11

What is cachexia?

Answer 11

extreme weight loss and muscle wasting (e.g. if you have cancer)

Question 12

Define the following terms:

• dysplasia
• metaplasia
• hyperplasia

Answer 12

• Dysplasia is disordered growth
• metaplasia is differentiating from one mature cell type to another
• hyperplasia is increase in cell number

Question 13

What type of cells are carcinoid tumours present in?

Answer 13

Neuroendocrine cells

Question 14

What is VCAM-1?

Answer 14

A cytokine adhesion molecule that mediates lymphocyte, monocyte, basophil and eosinophils adherence to the vascular endothelium

Question 15

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

Answer 15

The left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery

Question 16

What ligament connects the aortic arch to the left pulmonary artery?

Answer 16

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 17

What cells secrete insulating material in the CNS?

Answer 17

Oligodendrocytes
There are two types of cells that secrete myelin:
- outside the spinal cord these are Schwann cells
-within the CNS (brain and spinal cord) oligodendrocytes secrete myelin

Question 18

What is the difference between phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism?

Answer 18

Both make drugs more polar but

• phase 1 metabolism involves oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis
• phase 2 metabolism involves conjugation e.g. acetylation

Question 19

What are the five signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 19

• rubor (redness)
• calor (heat)
• dolor (pain)
• tumour (swelling)
• loss of function

Question 20

Describe the route of the phrenic nerve

Answer 20

The phrenic nerve runs from the neck into the chest and runs anterior to the lung hilum and on the (lateral aspect) of the fibrous pericardium

Question 21

What’s Km?

Answer 21

Michaelis constant- it is the inverse of affinity for an enzyme (the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate alters Vmax)

Question 22

What’s VMax?

Answer 22

Rate of reaction at which the enzyme is saturated with the substrate i.e. the maximum rate of reaction

Question 23

How is Km measured practically?

Answer 23

It’s the concentration needed to achieve half of Vmax (high Km means low affinity of enzyme for substrate)

Question 24

What is on the x axis and y axis of a lineweaver-burke, plot?

Answer 24

x axis- conc of substrate

y axis- velocity of an enzyme inhibited reaction

Question 25

What process is the Krebs (TCA) cycle part of?

Answer 25

Aerobic respiration

Question 26

What are human factors?

Answer 26

Things that affect an individual's performance like lack of awareness or stress

Question 27

What two suffixes for tumours signify malignancy?

Answer 27

Sarcoma and carcinoma

Question 28

Compare the thickness of the cell wall and the colour produced from gram staining for gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 28

- gram positive have a thicker cell wall and stain purple | - gram Negative have a thinner cell wall and stain piNk

Question 29

Are strep gram positive or gram negative?

Answer 29

gram positive

Question 30

Are staph gram positive or gram negative?

Answer 30

gram positive

Question 31

How are strep classified?

Answer 31

By their haemolysis on blood agar (alpha-haemolytic, beta haemolytic or no haemolysis)

Question 32

What do you use a coagulase test for?

Answer 32

Differentiating staph aureus (coagulase positive- gold) from other staph

Question 33

Is group A strep alpha or beta haemolytic?

Answer 33

beta haemolytic

Question 34

Is group B strep generally alpha or beta haemolytic?

Answer 34

beta haemolytic

Question 35

Are strep viridans and strep pneumoniae alpha or beta haemolytic?

Answer 35

alpha haemolytic

Question 36

Red currant jelly sputum indicates what organism?

Answer 36

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Question 37

What shape is haemophilus influenzae? Is it gram positive or negative?

Answer 37

Gram negative cocci

Question 38

What shape is pseudomonas aeruginosa? Is it gram positive or negative?

Answer 38

Gram negative bacilli

Question 39

What's the main causative organism for meningitis in over 60s?

Answer 39

strep pneumoniae

Question 40

What's the main cause of neonatal sepsis?

Answer 40

Group B Strep