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Medical Science > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

External respiration

A

Oxygen is absorbed from atmosphere into blood within pulmonary capillaries
Carbon dioxide secreted

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2
Q

Internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries

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3
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Individual cells gain energy by breaking down molecules in mitochondria, consuming oxygen and generating carbon dioxide

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4
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Bulk movement of air into and out of lungs

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5
Q

Ventilatory pump

A

Rib cage + associated muscles + diaphragm

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6
Q

Conducting part of respiratory system

A

Series of cavities and thick walled tubes which conduct air between the nose and the lungs
Nasal cavities + Pharynx + Larynx + Trachea + Bronchi + Bronchioles

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7
Q

Respiratory part of respiratory system

A

Tiny thin walled airways where gases are exchanged between air and blood
Respiratory bronchioles + Alveolar ducts + Alveolar sacs + Alveoli

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8
Q

Gas exchange location

A

Respiratory part of the respiratory system

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9
Q

Surface area of alveoli

A

75m2 (3/4 tennis court)

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10
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity to larynx

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11
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea to bronchus to bronchioles to alveoli

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12
Q

Filtration location

A

Vibrissae (nasal hairs)

Mucociliary escalator

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13
Q

Warming location

A

Capillary network in nasal cavity underneath epithelium

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14
Q

Humidifying location

A

Nasal cavity covered in mucus membrane

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15
Q

Conchae

A

Bony projections that increase surface area of the mucus membrane in the nasal cavity and mix and slow down inhaled air

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16
Q

Air pathway from nose to trachea

A 
Nose to nasopharynx
Nasopharynx to oropharynx
Oropharynx to laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx to glottis
Glottis to trachae
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17
Q

Food pathway from mouth to oesophagus

A 
Mouth to soft palate
Soft palate closes nasopharynx
Soft palate to oropharynx
Oropharynx to laryngopharynx
Epiglottis closes glottis
Oesophagus forced open
Laryngopharynx to oesophagus
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18
Q

Number of respiratory generations

A

28

19
Q

Conducting zone structures

A 
Trachea
Main stem bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Smaller bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
20
Q

Respiratory zone structures

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs

21
Q

Lobes in lobar bronchi

A

3 lobes on the right

2 lobes on the left

22
Q

Describe the trachea

A

12cm long tube as thick as a thumb
Supported by incomplete C shaped rings of cartilage
Free ends of cartilage connected by smooth trachealis muscle
Lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Cilia transport mucus sheet up towards nasopharynx
Anterior to oesophagus

23
Q

Describe the bronchus wall

A 
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells lined with mucus
Smooth muscle
Mucus glands
Cartilage plates
Alveolus
24
Q

2 sources of mucus

A

Goblet cells and mucus glands

25
Q

Describe the bronchiole wall

A

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium and club cells lined with watery secretion
Smooth muscle
Alveolus

26
Q

Role of smooth muscle

A

Controls air flow by constriction and relaxation

27
Q

Pathological cause of asthma

A

Over-constriction of smooth muscle in the bronchi and bronchioles restricting air flow and requiring bronchodilators to relax

28
Q

Role of cartilage plates

A

Keep bronchi open - cartilage plates are not prone to collapse
Bronchi more rigid than bronchioles because of presence of cartilage plates

29
Q

Club cells

A

Found between epithelial cells in bronchiole walls and secrete a non-mucus watery secretion to keep cells hydrated and air moist

30
Q

Goblet cells

A

Found between epithelial cells in bronchus walls and secrete mucus

31
Q

Cells in alveolar walls

A 
Red blood cells (in pulmonary capillary)
Endothelial cells (in pulmonary capillary)
Squamous pneumocytes (type I cells)
Alveolar macrophages
Surfactant cells (type II cells)
32
Q

Role of surfactant

A

Liquid lining reduces the work of breathing by reducing surface tension in alveoli and stopping alveoli completely collapsing

33
Q

Role of surfactant cells

A

To secrete surfactant

34
Q

Role of squamous pneumocytes

A

Very thin trails of cytoplasm in each cell surrounding an area of an alveoli which minimises diffusion distance for gas exchange

35
Q

Role of alveolar macrophages

A

Act as normal macrophages to engulf pathogens and foreign particles
Last line of defence if air is contaminated

36
Q

Describe the diffusion barrier in alveoli

A

Squamous pneumocyte adjacent to alveolar air space
Capillary endothelium adjacent to blood plasma
Basement membranes of squamous pneumocytes and capillary endothelium fused to reduce diffusion distance

37
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Right and left main stem bronchi supplying each lung

38
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Lobar bronchi supplying lobes (3 on the right and 2 on the left)

39
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Segmental bronchi supplying segments of the lung (10 on the right and 8 on the left)
Each segment has its own air and blood supply

40
Q

Describe the pleurae

A

Smooth double layered membrane that covers each lung and lines the thoracic cavity
Two pleurae are continuous at the root of the lung (hilum)
Separated by thin film of fluid that allows pleurae to slide past each other without friction
Fluid also prevents complete separation of the pleurae

41
Q

Describe movement of the ribs during ventilation

A

Ribcage movement responsible for 25% air movement into and out of the lungs
Active inspiration requires contraction of external intercostal muscles which run obliquely between ribs
Passive expiration doesn’t require muscular action. The ribcage relaxes back to its resting position
During exercise, both sets of intercostal muscles become active and both inspiration and expiration require muscular action

42
Q

Describe how the ribs increase the volume of the thorax

A

Ribs pivot around their joints with the vertebral column. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles lifts the ribs and rotates them around their pivot points. The ribs lift and swing upwards and outwards, increasing the volume of the thorax and allowing air in. The internal intercostal muscles run at right angles to the external intercostal muscles and when they contract they drag the ribs downwards - only for forceful exhalation.

43
Q

Describe movement of the diaphragm during ventilation

A

Diaphragmatic muscle contracts which flattens the diaphragm and pulls the central dome down, increasing the volume of the thorax and causing inspiration. Passive relaxation of the muscle lifts the diaphragm back up towards the thorax reducing the volume and causing expiration.
Responsible for 75% of bulk flow of air during quiet breathing.

44
Q

Describe the diaphragm

A

The diaphragm is a dome shaped platform that forms the floor of the thorax and the roof of the abdomen. Its central part is a thin sheet of connective tissue (aponeurosis) called the central tendon. The lateral margins are fast acting skeletal muscle innervated by the phrenic nerve.

Medical Science (11 decks)

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