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Medical Science > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Frontal lobe identification

A

Central sulcus to start of lateral fissure

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2
Q

Parietal lobe identification

A

Central sulcus to parieto-occipital sulcus

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3
Q

Temporal lobe identification

A

Lateral fissure down

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4
Q

Occipital lobe identification

A

Posterior of parieto-occipital sulcus and pre-occipital notch

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5
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Arch of fibres connecting Brocas area to Wernickes area

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6
Q

Motor planning area

A

Anterior to precentral sulcus near the top of the gyrus

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7
Q

Brocas area

A

Anterior to precentral sulcus near the middle of the gyrus

Speech formulation

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8
Q

Wernickes area

A

In the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe

Interprets tones

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9
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Anterior to central sulcus but posterior to precentral sulcus near the top of the gyrus

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10
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Posterior to central sulcus in the parietal lobe

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11
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Smaller area near Wernickes area in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe
Recognises tones
Tonotopic representation

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12
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

Right at the back of the occipital lobe

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13
Q

Supramarginal and angular gyri

A

M shape near the bottom of the parietal lobe responsible for reading and writing

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14
Q

Exners area

A

Plans writing movement

Above Brocas area and frontal eye fields in the frontal lobe

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15
Q

Frontal eye fields

A

Underneath Exners area and above Brocas area int he frontal lobe
Responsible for eyeball movement associated with reading

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16
Q

Supplementary visual cortices

A

Found in occipital and temporal lobes around the primary visual cortex
Responsible for a lot of peripheral vision

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17
Q

Calcarine sulcus

A

Sulcus along the middle of the occipital lobe. Primary visual cortex is right at the back and is responsible for central vision with peripheral vision areas located further along towards the temporal lobe

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18
Q

Supplementary motor area

A

Anterior to the precentral sulcus and primary motor cortex and above Exners area

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19
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Wernickes aphasia

Can speak but not understand

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20
Q

Non-fluent aphasia

A

Brocas aphasia

Can understand but not form coherent words

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21
Q

Connectional aphasia

A

Problem with the arcuate fasciculus

Can understand and form coherent words but not connect the two or have a fluent conversation

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22
Q

Frontal lobe responsibilities

A 
Intelligence
Personality
Mood
Behaviour
Cognitive function
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23
Q

Parietal lobe responsibilities

A 
Spatial skills
3D recognition
Shapes
Faces
Concepts
Abstract perception
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24
Q

Temporal lobe responsibilities

A

Memory
Mood
Aggression
Intelligence

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25
Q

Right hemisphere responsibilities

A 
Non-verbal language
Emotional expression
Spatial skills
Conceptual understanding
Creative skills
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26
Q

Number of nerve pairs

A

31

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27
Q

Number of cervical nerves

A

8

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28
Q

Number of thoracic nerves

A

12

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29
Q

Number of lumbar nerves

A

5

30
Q

Number of sacral nerves

A

5

31
Q

Number of coccygeal nerves

A

1

32
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Where cell bodies for afferent nerves are located

33
Q

Ventral root ganglion

A

Where cell bodies for efferent nerves are located

34
Q

Properties of discriminative neurons

A 
Myelinated
Pseudounipolar
Encapsulated
50 m/s
Cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
Can end in the grey dorsal horn or the white matter dorsal columns
35
Q

Properties of non-discriminative neurons

A 
Unmyelinated
Pseudounipolar
Free nerve ending
1 m/s
Cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
End in the top of the grey dorsal horn
36
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Encapsulated receptor for pressure

37
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

Encapsulated receptor for touch

38
Q

Convergence

A

Nerves come together and are processed by spinal cord as one to save space

39
Q

Gracile fasciculus

A

Inner white matter tract of the dorsal columns

Hip to toe

40
Q

Cuneate fasciculus

A

Outer white matter tract of the dorsal columns

Hip to head

41
Q

Funiculus

A

Cuneate fasciculus + gracile fasciculus

42
Q

Describe the route of discriminative sensation to the cortex

A

1st order neuron: starts in the encapsulated receptor with cell body in the dorsal root ganglion. Enters spinal cord and ends at the cuneate or gracile nuclei
2nd order neuron: starts at cuneate or gracile nuclei and decussates immediately via internal arcuate fibres then goes up the brainstem where it joins the medial lemniscus then enters the brain and terminates in the ventro-posterior thalamus
3rd order neuron: starts at the ventro-posterior thalamus and moves up the brain towards the primary sensory cortex

43
Q

Cuneate nuclei

A

Where first order neuron ends in discriminative sensation for upper body

44
Q

Gracile nuclei

A

Where first order neuron ends in discriminative sensation for lower body

45
Q

Name of discriminative sensation pathway

A

Dorsal column medial lemniscus pathway

46
Q

Name of non-discriminative sensation pathway

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract pathway

47
Q

Describe the route of non-discriminative sensation to the cortex

A

1st order neuron: starts in a free nerve ending with a cell body in the dorsal root ganglion, moves into the spinal cord and ends at A-C fibres in dorsolateral tract of Lissauer
2nd order neuron: starts in the spinal cord at A-C fibres in dorsolateral tract of Lissauer and decussates immediately at the anterior white commissure where it moves up the spinal cord into the brainstem via the lateral spinothalamic tract and up to where it joins the medial lemniscus eventually terminating in the ventro-posterior thalamus
3rd order neuron: starts in the ventro-posterior thalamus and tracks up to terminate in the primary somatosensory cortex

48
Q

Medical lemniscus

A

Ascending bundle of fibres formed by crossings of internal arcuate fibres

49
Q

Raffini corpuscle

A

Encapsulated receptor for stretch

50
Q

Associative sensory loss

A

Discriminative and non-discriminative loss on the same side
Occurs when there is a lesion in the brain or brainstem so the loss of both sensations is on the opposite side of the lesion

51
Q

Dissociative sensory loss

A

Discriminative and non-discriminative loss on different sides
Occurs when there is a lesion in the spinal cord so discriminative sensation is lost on the same side of the lesion and non-discriminative sensation is lost on the opposite side

52
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Large pyramid shaped cells that project from brain through spinal cord to complete motor movement

53
Q

Describe the route of motor movement to muscles

A

Starts in the motor cortex and moves down the brain through the internal capsule to the pons where the pyramidal tract is located. In the pons, neurons often spread out for more space, hence the bulge at this level. The neuron continues down past the medulla where it either decussates at the pyramidal cells (85%, lateral corticospinal tract) or at the spinal segmental level (15%, ventral corticospinal tract). Both pathways terminate in the spinal cord - this is all the upper motor neuron. The lower motor neuron then moves to the muscle to complete the movement.

54
Q

5 basal ganglia nuclei

A 
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
55
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate nucleus + putamen

56
Q

Internal capsule

A

White matter tract between the caudate nucleus/thalamus and the putamen/globus pallidus

57
Q

3 types of white matter tract

A

Commissural - between hemispheres
Association - within hemisphere
Projection - ascending and descending

58
Q

Claustrum

A

Thin, irregular sheet of neurons peripheral to the putamen

59
Q

Role of basal ganglia

A

Learned, practiced movements
Takes over from cerebellum when a certain movement is practiced a lot
Movement initiation
Dopamine reward pathway

60
Q

Role of cerebellum

A

Termination of, repetitive and ballistic movement

Unlearned and coarse movement

61
Q

Describe what happens when the dopamine pathway is reduced

A

Loss of movement

Loss of some mood and impulse

62
Q

Describe how a healthy dopamine pathway would normally function

A

Dopamine positive fibres extend from the substantia nigra (caudal side) to the bottom of the putamen in the striatum. A threshold of striatal cells must be kept activated for the normal GABA pathway to be set off. Neurons in the striatum fire to inhibit GABA so it doesn’t inhibit glutamate too much. Dopamine keeps these cells in the striatum activated above a threshold so GABA can travel to the external globus pallidus and then the internal globus pallidus where the neuron terminates in the ventral-anterior thalamus. With GABA inhibition, glutamate travels to the cerebral cortex initiating normal movement.

63
Q

Describe how the dopamine pathway works in Parkinsons

A

The substantia nigra is damaged meaning reduced dopamine is travelling to the striatum. The striatal cells, which would normally inhibit GABA when needed, now can’t fire because they are not active enough. GABA is free to inhibit glutamate in the thalamus which prevents the glutamate from travelling to the cerebral cortex and initiating normal movement.

64
Q

Four treatments for Parkinsons

A

ECT
Pallidotomy
Thalalotomy
Levo-Dopa

65
Q

Levo-Dopa

A

Parkinsons drug
Precursor to dopamine
Alleviates symptoms but not a cure - stops working after about 8 years

66
Q

Pallidotomy

A

Lesion introduced in the globus pallidus, inhibiting GABA and reinstating the rest of the normal glutamate pathway

67
Q

Thalalotomy

A

Lesion introduced in the thalamus, inhibiting the inhibitory effects of GABA and allowing the glutamate to travel to the cerebral cortex
Very good for tremor, not great for other symptoms

68
Q

Spastic paralysis

A

Persistent spasms and exaggerated tendon reflexes, increased rigidity
Lesion in upper motor neuron leads to increased activity in lower motor neuron

69
Q

Flaccid paralysis

A

Less activity, no control

Lesion in lower motor neuron

70
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway

A

From substantia nigra to striatum

Medical Science (11 decks)

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