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2.3.4. Respiratory System > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the respiratory system develop from?

A

From diverticulum from the pharynx, which bifurcates and keeps dividing

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2
Q

What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nostrils to lower border of cricoid cartilage

Nose, paranasal sinuses pharynx, larynx

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3
Q

Describe how the structure of the nose is conducive to warming, humidifying and filtering particles in inspired air

A

Moist surface

Vascular mucosa = warm and humidify

Bony prominence (nasal conchae) = increase surface area to increase contact between air and mucosa and turbulent air flow (slow = maximises gas exchange)

Cilia

Recover water from expired air

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4
Q

How does turbulent flow effect gas exchange?

A

Higher the turbulent flow the higher the gas exchange

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5
Q

What 3 regions is the pharynx divided up into?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

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6
Q

What is the function of the pharynx?

A

Ensure food and air get directed to the right area

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7
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

4 paired air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity

Help the nasal cavity to warm and moisten air

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8
Q

Where are the vocal cords located?

A

Larynx

Glottis = cords + aperture between cords

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9
Q

Describe how the larynx protects the airway during swallowing

A

Epiglottis is forced over the glottis’ to prevent swallowed material from entering the larynx, the larynx is also pulled upward to assist this process

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10
Q

Explain how the structure of the trachea aids swallowing?

A

Cartilaginous rings are incomplete to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the oesophagus

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11
Q

Explain why hoarseness of voice /voice change may be a sign of intra thoracic disease

A

Left recurrent laryngeal N wraps under the aortic arch. Aneurysm/cancer can impinge the N and result in hoarseness

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12
Q

What is the boundary between the thorax and the abdomen?

A

Diaphragm

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13
Q

What bones make up the thorax?

A

Ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

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14
Q

What are the features of a typical rib?

A

Head – articulates with superior and inferior vertebrae

Tubercle – articulates transverse process

Shaft – flat and curved

Costal cartilage – articulates sternum

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15
Q

What are the floating ribs?

A

They do not attach anteriorly to the sternum

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16
Q

How can you increase the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

Increase the lateral dimension = lateral elevation – bucket handle

Increase the anterior-sternum dimension = anterior elevation – pump handle

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17
Q

Describe rib movements during respiration

A

Bucket handle = Movement at costovertebral joints 7 to 10 about an anteroposterior axis results in raising and lowering the middle of the rib

Pump handle = Movement at costovertebral joints 2 to 6 about a side-to-side axis results in raising and lowering the sternal end of the rib

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18
Q

What is the contents of the costal groove?

A

Intercostal artery
Intercostal vein
Intercostal nerve

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19
Q

How is air drawn into the lungs?

A

Expansion of the lungs = alveolar pressure is now lower than atmospheric pressure = air enters alveoli

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20
Q

What type of muscle is the diaphragm?

A

Skeletal muscle

21
Q

How is the diaphragm innervated?

A

Somatic control – phrenic nerve

22
Q

Why is the diaphragm domed?

A

Allows for movement

Means that the liver is protected by the ribs as it can sit more superiorly

23
Q

Describe the external, internal and innermost layers of the intercostal muscles

A

3 layers connecting ribs

All intercostal N (T1-T11)

Anteriorly the external intercostal is deficient

Posteriorly the internal intercostals is deficient

Lateral is where the innermost intercostal are found

External = anterio-medial direction of muscle fibres = contract = pull ribs upwards, increasing volume (inhalation)

Internal = right angle to external (antagonist) = contract = pull ribs down and backwards, reduces volume (forced expiration)

Innermost = depresses ribcage, reduces volume

24
Q

Describe the course of the intercostal nerves, arteries and veins

A

Runs between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Below the rib

25
Q

Describe how to avoid damaging them during pleural aspiration or insertion of a chest drain

A

always go above to rib to avoid the major neurovascular bundle

26
Q

What are the 3 major structures passing through the diaphragm?

A

Vena cava – T8

Oesophagus – T10

Aortic hiatus - T12

27
Q

What are the accessory muscles of the respiratory system?

A

SCM

Scalene muscles – anterior, middle and posterior

28
Q

What is the azygos venous system?

A

Collect blood from the intercostal spaces

From the main azygos vein to the SVC

29
Q

What are the motor and sensory functions of the phrenic nerve?

A

Sensory = central diaphragm, surrounding pleura and peritoneum, pericardium

Motor = diaphragm

30
Q

Outline the differences between the L and R lung

A

L = 2 lobes, lingula (remanence of middle lobe), groove for the aorta

R = 3 lobes, groove for the oesophagus

31
Q

When listening to the posterior chest what part of the lung is it?

A

Inferior lobe, makes up most of the posterior border

32
Q

Why would a foreign body enter the R main bronchi rather than the left?

A

R = more vertical orientation

33
Q

What region can the mediastinum be broken into?

A

Superior = trachea, aortic arch

Inferior = heart, descending aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct

34
Q

What is contained in the pleural cavity

A

Between the visceral and parietal pleura = contain pleural fluid (few mls)

35
Q

What is the pleura

A

Parietal -> On the chest wall

Visceral -> On the surface of the lung

36
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pleura

A

Parietal -> Sensitive to pressure/pain/temp, intercostal Ns = sharp, phrenic N

Visceral -> Sensory fibres only detect stretch, pulmonary plexus

37
Q

What is the role of the pleural recesses?

A

Allows the lungs to expand into them

Pathologically – can fill with fluid (pleural effusion)

38
Q

What is the role of the pleural fluid and the pleural seal in lung expansion?

A

Serous fluid lubricates and produces surface tension = pulls parietal and visceral pleura together = when thorax expands so does the lung

39
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

When air enters the pleural cavity = surface tension lost (can cause the lung to collapse)

40
Q

What are the brochopulmonary segments?

A

Area of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and the accompanying segmental branch of the pulmonary artery

Drained by a segmental pulmonary vein

Pyramid shaped

41
Q

What is the blood supply to the lung tissue?

A

Bronchial arteries

Bronchial veins

42
Q

What is the nerve supply of the lungs?

A

Derived from the pulmonary plexuses

Parasympathetic (vagus N) – contraction bronchial smooth muscle, vasodilation pulmonary vessels

Sympathetic (sympathetic trunk) – relaxation bronchial smooth muscle, vasoconstriction pulmonary vessels

Visceral afferent – pain impulses

43
Q

Describe the structure (histology) of the airways and alveoli and relate it to the functions and defence of the lungs

A

Nasal cavity/pharynx/larynx/trachea/prim bronchi/sec bronchi = pseudostatified ep, cilia, goblet cells

Bronchioles/term bronchioles = simple columnar ep, cilia, clara cells

Respiratory bronchioles/alveolar ducts = simple cuboidal ep, clara cells, sparse cilia

Alveoli = simple squamous, type 1 + type 2 cells

44
Q

Distinguish bronchi from bronchioles

A

Bronchi = cartilage completely encircles

Bronchioles = smaller, do not contain cartilage or goblet cells, club cells prod surfactant

45
Q

Define what is meant by the term bronchiole

A

Last generation of conducting airways

Gives off respiratory bronchioles which feature alveoli

46
Q

Define respiratory bronchiole

A

Smallest bronchioles

Give off alveoli = gaseous exchange

47
Q

Define alveolar duct

A

Connect respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs

48
Q

Define alveolus

A

Tiny air filled sacs for gaseous exchange

49
Q

Distinguish between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the airways

A

Conducting = trachea, primary bronchi, sec bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Respiratory = respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

2.3.4. Respiratory System (19 decks)

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