Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

Where is the middle lung lobe auscultated?

Answer 1

Between right ribs 4&6

Question 2

Where are the lung apex?

Answer 2

Superior to the clavicle

Question 3

Where can the lung bases be auscultated?

Answer 3

At T11 vertebrae

Question 4

which rib is the landmark for the anatomical site of the oblique fissures anteriorly

Answer 4

Rib 6

Question 5

At which spinal cord level does the larynx become the trachea and the pharynx become the oesophagus?

Answer 5

C6

Question 6

At what level does the trachea bifurcate?

Answer 6

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle, at costal cartilage 2

Question 7

What does the head of a rib articulate with?

Answer 7

The body of thoracic vertebrae

Question 8

What does the rib tubercle articulate with?

Answer 8

The transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

Question 9

What does the end of a rib articulate with?

Answer 9

The sternum

Question 10

How many intercostal spaces are there?

Answer 10

11

Question 11

What are the attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 11

Sternum
Ribs 7-12
L1-L3 vertebrae

Question 12

Which spinal nerves supply the diaphragm?

Answer 12

C3, C4 and C5

the phrenic nerve is made up of the combined anterior rami

Question 13

Describe the pleura surrounding the lungs

Answer 13

Cervical pleura, 
Costal pleura, 
Costophrenic angle 
Diaphragmatic pleura 
Mediastinal pleura

Question 14

Which structures does the lung hilum include?

Answer 14

Pulmonary arteries and veins
Lymph nodes
Main bronchi

Question 15

Which cranial nerves are stimulated in coughing and sneezing?

Answer 15

Sneezing - CNV and CNIX

Coughing- CNIX and CN X

Question 16

Describe the course of the phrenic nerves through the neck and chest

Answer 16

Descend through the neck on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle and then descend through the chest on the lateral aspects of the fibrous pericardium, anterior to the lung root

Question 17

Which spinal nerves supply the intercostal muscles?

Answer 17

T1 - T11

Question 18

Name 4 accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 18

Pectoralis Minor
Pectoralis Major
Scalenus anterior/medius and posterior
Sternocleidomastoid

Question 19

What are the attachments of the pectoralis major muscle?

Answer 19

Sternum
Ribs
Humerus

Question 20

What are the attachments of the pectoralis minor muscle?

Answer 20

Ribs 3-5

Scapula

Question 21

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Answer 21

Sternum
Clavicle
Mastoid process of the temporal bones

Question 22

What are the attachments of the scalenus anterior, medius and posterior?

Answer 22

Cervical vertebrae

Ribs 1-2

Question 23

What are the 4 anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

Answer 23

Rectus abdominus
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

Question 24

What are the attachments of the rectus abdominus?

Answer 24

Zyphoid process, costal margin, pubis

Question 25

What are the attachments of the external oblique?

Answer 25

Superficial aspects of the lower ribs, iliac crest, pubic tubercle

Question 26

What are the attachments of the internal oblique?

Answer 26

Inferior border of the lower ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

Question 27

What are the attachments of the transverses abdominus?

Answer 27

Deep aspects of the lower ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back

Question 28

What is the linea semilunaris and what is the linea alba?

Answer 28

Linea semilunari - where muscle meets aponeurosis | Linea alba - where aponeurosis meets aponeurosis (midline)

Question 29

what are some of the functions of the abdominal wall muscles?

Answer 29

Tonic contractions - posture and support of the vertebral column Guarding contractions- protects abdominal viscera Contractions - forced expiration

Question 30

Which nerve causes adduction and abduction of the vocal cords?

Answer 30

Vagus nerve

Question 31

What structure does adduction of the vocal cords close off?

Answer 31

The rima glottidis

Question 32

What structure does abduction of the vocal cords open?

Answer 32

The rima glottidis

Question 33

What is the definition of a pneumothorax?

Answer 33

When air enters the pleural cavity

Question 34

What constitutes a 'large' pneumothorax?

Answer 34

>2cm gap between the lung and the parietal pleura

Question 35

What are the parts of the mediastinum?

Answer 35

Superior, Middle, Posterior, Anterior

Question 36

At what vertebrae level is the junction between the superior mediastinum and the rest of the mediastinum and which structure indicates this level anteriorly?

Answer 36

T4 | Sternal angle

Question 37

What is the management for a pneumothorax?

Answer 37

``` IMMEDIATE TREATMENT; Needle aspiration 2nd intercostal space Mid-clavicular line PERMANENT TREATMENT; Chest drain 4th/5th intercostal space mid-axillary line ```

Question 38

Name 4 types of hernia

Answer 38

Diaphragmatic Umbilical Inguinal Femoral

Question 39

What are the two types of diaphragmatic herniae?

Answer 39

Sliding hiatus hernia | Paraoesophageal hiatus hernia

Question 40

With which kind of hernia, Sliding hiatus or | Paraoesophageal hiatus, does the GO junction move from its usual permanent position at the level of the diaphragm?

Answer 40

Sliding hiatus hernia

Question 41

Where is the inguinal region between?

Answer 41

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS) | Pubic tubercle

Question 42

During development, what structures pass through the inguinal canal?

Answer 42

The round ligament of the uterus (F) | The spermatic cord (M)

Question 43

What can cause an inguinal hernia to form?

Answer 43

Chronic cough Chronic constipation Weight lifting Athletic effort

Question 44

In which kind of inguinal hernia, direct or indirect, will a lump reappear when the deep ring is occluded with a finger and the patient is asked to cough?

Answer 44

Direct

Question 45

What part of the diaphragm is formed by the septum transversum?

Answer 45

Central tendon of the diaphragm

Question 46

At what point does the trachea commence and terminate?

Answer 46

C6 to T5/T6

Question 47

What is each bronchus accompanied by in the lung hilum?

Answer 47

1x pulmonary artery and two pulmonary veins

Question 48

What is the surface landmark of the horizontal fissure of the lung?

Answer 48

The anterior end of right rib 4 | the fissure is located in the right lung where it separated the upper and middle lobes

Question 49

The acromioclavicular joint is between the acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula, what is palpable inferior to this joint on the anterior chest wall?

Answer 49

The coracoid process of the scapula