Principles anatomy Flashcards
What does the central medullary cavity of a bone contain?
Bone marrow
Where would you find periosteum, where is it not present, and what is its function?
- Coats the outer surfaces of bones
- Absent where ligaments and cartilage are attached
- Contains vasculature and nerve supply
What does the epiphyseal growth plate do?
Lays out cartilage which gradually transforms to bone
What is meant by endochondral ossification?
The process by which cartilage turns to bone during development
What is meant by a ‘callus’ in terms of bone healing?
A callus is the mass of tissue that forms between bone ends when a fracture is healing
What is the axial skeleton made up of and what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
AXIAL - skull -cervical vertebrae -hyoid bone - trunk - ribs, sternum, spine APPENDICULAR -pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) -upper limbs -pelvic girdle -lower limbs
Which 4 bones are considered as the viscerocranium?
Nasal bones
zygomatic bones
maxilla
mandible
Describe the spine in terms of how many vertebrae there are, and what they are called
33 vertebrae in total 7 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 4 Coccyx
Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has no body and no spinous process?
C1
Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has an odontoid process?
C2
Describe the classification of the 12 ribs
1-7 = true ribs 8-10 = false ribs 11-12 = floating ribs
What are sutures and syndesmoses?
- Sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull
- Syndesmoses are fibrous joints which unite bones with fibrous sheet
What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?
Limited mobility
Stable
E.g sutures and syndesmoses
Describe cartilaginous joints
Limited mobility relatively stable PRIMARY - joined by hyaline cartilage e.g long bone epiphyseal growth plate SECONDARY - jones by fibrocartilage e.g intervertebral discs
Describe the composition of an intervertebral disc
Outer fibrous ring = ‘annul fibrosus’
Inner soft part = ‘nucleus pulpous’
Which is the most mobile type of joint?
SYNOVIAL
What is the least mobile type of joint?
FIBROUS
Give an example of a primary and a secondary cartilaginous joint
Primary cartilaginous joint - Epiphyseal growth plate
Secondary cartilaginous going- Intervertebral discs
Name a plane synovial joint and describe its movement
Acromioclavicular joint - sliding movements
Name a hinge synovial joint
Elbow joint
Name a biaxial joint
Carpometacarpal joint
Name a ball and socket joint
Hip joint
Name a pivot joint
Atlanta- axial joint ( in the neck)
What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?
- Subluxation is a partial dislocation in which there is reduced area of contact between two articular surfaces
- Dislocation involves complete loss of contact between two articular surfaces
Name a circular skeletal muscle
Orbicularis Oris
Name a flusiform skeletal muscle
Biceps Brachii
Name a flat skeletal muscle with aponeurosis
External oblique
Name a pennate skeletal muscle
Deltoid
Name a quadrate skeletal muscle
Rectus abdominus
What is a tendon and what is an aponeurosis?
A tendon attaches muscle to bone
An aponeurosis attaches tendon to soft tissue
Which 3 bones does the deltoid muscle attach to?
Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus
What is the difference between muscle paralysis and muscle spasticity?
In muscle paralysis there is complete loss of function and loss of motor activity. There is reduced tone.
In muscle spasticity there is a problem with the descending controls from the brain but the motor controls are still intact. There is increased tone.
What is meant by ‘compartment syndrome’?
When fascia creates an enclosed space, can cause swelling or accumulation of fluid
What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Within which structure of the female reproductive tract does fertilisation normal occur?
Ampulla of the uterine tube
What is meant by an ectopic pregnancy?
When the fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity
Which structure is located along the length of the testes at is posterior aspect, with its contents moving from superior to inferior in direction?
Epididymis
Which structure is formed from the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle?
Ejaculatory duct
Name a pair of glands which are located in the pelvis, posterior to the bladder
Seminal vesicles
Where is the site of sperm production and which muscle helps to control temperature within this structure?
Seminiferous tubules
- the dartos muscle (contracts in cold temperatures and relaxes in hot temperatures)
List 5 structures found within the spermatic cord
Testicular artery Pampniform plexus of veins Vas deferens Nerves Lymphatics
Where is the spermatic cord located?
Within the scrotum at the posterior aspect of the testes
Where does the ejaculatory duct drain into?
Drains its contents into the prostatic urethra
What is the tunica vaginalis?
The sac within the scrotum which surrounds the testis
Which autonomic nerves control erection and ejaculation?
POINT AND SHOOT
Parasympathetic control erection
Sympathetic control ejaculation
Which structure is sectioned and ligated in a male sterilisation procedure? and what is this procedure called?
VAS DEFERENS
Vasectomy
Which lung has 3 lobes?
The right lung
What are ‘conchae’?
Bony structures in the nasal cavity which create turbulent air flow, allowing the air to be warmed as it comes in to contact with the mucosa
What is the function of the buccinator muscle and where is it located?
It is a muscle of the cheek important for chewing
What is a function of the orbicular oris muscle?
It prevents drooling
What are the names of then 4 sets of tastebuds on the tongue?
Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? (start at the most superolateral on the right side)
Right Hypochodnrium, Epigastric, Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
Right Inguinal, Pubic, Left Inguinal
In which direction do afferent and efferent neutrons travel?
Afferent - Sensory to the CNS
Efferent - Motor from CNS to effectors
The outermost layer of the brain, the cerebral vesocortex, has bumps and gaps - what are these called?
Gyri = bumps Sulci = gaps
At what area do sensations from the body wall reach consciousness in the brain?
Primary somatosensory area
What is the diencephalon made up from?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
where is the pituitary gland located?
At the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
What is the function of the 4 parathyroid hormones?
Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium concentration in the blood
Which ribs cover the superior aspects of the kidneys?
Ribs 11 and 12
Which renal artery is longer, the right or the left?
Which renal vein is longer, the right or the left?
Right renal artery is longest
Left renal vein is longest
Which two structures of a nephron make up the ‘Renal Corpuscle’?
The Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus
Which area of the spinal cord does sympathetic outflow come from?
T1 - L2
What is the blood supply to the brain
Internal carotid artery
Vertebral artery
Where can rib notching develop?
Around pulsations
Explain the lymphatic drainage to the venous angles in the body
The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle
The left thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle
Which 4 cartilage make up the larynx?
Hyoid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
Arytenoid
What type of joint is an interosseous membrane?
Syndesmoses fibrous joint
The posterior hypothalamus is activated by cold and the anterior hypothalamus is activated by warmth. True/ False?
True
what are the 3 layers of fascia that overly the scrotum from superficial to deep?
External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal spermatic fascia
Describe the atlanto-occipital joint
A joint between C1 and the occipital bone of the nuerocranium
Describe the acromioclavicular joint
A joint between the acromial end of the clavicle and the accromium process of the scapula
Describe a facet joint
Articulation between vertebrae
What is meant by an interosseous membrane?
A fibrous sheet tha connects bones. E.g the radius and the ulna
What are the resident cells of cartilage called?
Chondrocytes
At what level does the spinal cord terminate?
L2
How many teeth do adults usually have?
32
Where does fertilisation normally occurs?
The ampulla of the uterine tube
How many bones make up the vertebral column?
33
How many spinal nerves are there?
31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx)
How much flexion can a shoulder joint do?
180 degrees of flexion
What are the two types of fibrous joints?
Syndesmoses and sutures
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondrosis and syphses
What kind of joints are the growth plates?
Synchondrosis joint
Which cervical vertebrae is associated with the odontoid process?
C2
Which vertebrae is the first to have a palpable spinous process
C7
Do preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord at the ventral or dorsal horn?
Ventral horn
The splenic vein drains which part of the gut?
The foregut
What are the first 3 cranial nerves?
Olfactory (1), Optic (II), Occulomotor(III)
What is the name of the male gamete?
Spermatozoa
Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?
Occulomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus
What are noiceptors?
Pain receptors
