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1st year Anatomy > Principles anatomy > Flashcards

Principles anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central medullary cavity of a bone contain?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where would you find periosteum, where is it not present, and what is its function?

A
  • Coats the outer surfaces of bones
  • Absent where ligaments and cartilage are attached
  • Contains vasculature and nerve supply
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3
Q

What does the epiphyseal growth plate do?

A

Lays out cartilage which gradually transforms to bone

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4
Q

What is meant by endochondral ossification?

A

The process by which cartilage turns to bone during development

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5
Q

What is meant by a ‘callus’ in terms of bone healing?

A

A callus is the mass of tissue that forms between bone ends when a fracture is healing

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6
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of and what is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A 
AXIAL 
- skull 
-cervical vertebrae
-hyoid bone 
- trunk - ribs, sternum, spine
APPENDICULAR 
-pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula)
-upper limbs 
-pelvic girdle
-lower limbs
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7
Q

Which 4 bones are considered as the viscerocranium?

A

Nasal bones
zygomatic bones
maxilla
mandible

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8
Q

Describe the spine in terms of how many vertebrae there are, and what they are called

A 
33 vertebrae in total 
7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral 
4 Coccyx
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9
Q

Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has no body and no spinous process?

A

C1

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10
Q

Which cervical vertebrae is unique in that it has an odontoid process?

A

C2

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11
Q

Describe the classification of the 12 ribs

A 
1-7 = true ribs 
8-10 = false ribs 
11-12 = floating ribs
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12
Q

What are sutures and syndesmoses?

A
  • Sutures are fibrous joints between the bones of the skull

- Syndesmoses are fibrous joints which unite bones with fibrous sheet

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

Limited mobility
Stable
E.g sutures and syndesmoses

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14
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A 
Limited mobility 
relatively stable 
PRIMARY 
- joined by hyaline cartilage 
e.g long bone epiphyseal growth plate 
SECONDARY 
- jones by fibrocartilage 
e.g intervertebral discs
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15
Q

Describe the composition of an intervertebral disc

A

Outer fibrous ring = ‘annul fibrosus’

Inner soft part = ‘nucleus pulpous’

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16
Q

Which is the most mobile type of joint?

A

SYNOVIAL

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17
Q

What is the least mobile type of joint?

A

FIBROUS

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18
Q

Give an example of a primary and a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

Primary cartilaginous joint - Epiphyseal growth plate

Secondary cartilaginous going- Intervertebral discs

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19
Q

Name a plane synovial joint and describe its movement

A

Acromioclavicular joint - sliding movements

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20
Q

Name a hinge synovial joint

A

Elbow joint

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21
Q

Name a biaxial joint

A

Carpometacarpal joint

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22
Q

Name a ball and socket joint

A

Hip joint

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23
Q

Name a pivot joint

A

Atlanta- axial joint ( in the neck)

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24
Q

What is the difference between dislocation and subluxation?

A
  • Subluxation is a partial dislocation in which there is reduced area of contact between two articular surfaces
  • Dislocation involves complete loss of contact between two articular surfaces
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25
Q

Name a circular skeletal muscle

A

Orbicularis Oris

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26
Q

Name a flusiform skeletal muscle

A

Biceps Brachii

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27
Q

Name a flat skeletal muscle with aponeurosis

A

External oblique

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28
Q

Name a pennate skeletal muscle

A

Deltoid

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29
Q

Name a quadrate skeletal muscle

A

Rectus abdominus

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30
Q

What is a tendon and what is an aponeurosis?

A

A tendon attaches muscle to bone

An aponeurosis attaches tendon to soft tissue

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31
Q

Which 3 bones does the deltoid muscle attach to?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Humerus

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32
Q

What is the difference between muscle paralysis and muscle spasticity?

A

In muscle paralysis there is complete loss of function and loss of motor activity. There is reduced tone.
In muscle spasticity there is a problem with the descending controls from the brain but the motor controls are still intact. There is increased tone.

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33
Q

What is meant by ‘compartment syndrome’?

A

When fascia creates an enclosed space, can cause swelling or accumulation of fluid

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34
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus wall?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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35
Q

Within which structure of the female reproductive tract does fertilisation normal occur?

A

Ampulla of the uterine tube

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36
Q

What is meant by an ectopic pregnancy?

A

When the fertilised ovum implants outwith the uterine cavity

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37
Q

Which structure is located along the length of the testes at is posterior aspect, with its contents moving from superior to inferior in direction?

A

Epididymis

38
Q

Which structure is formed from the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle?

A

Ejaculatory duct

39
Q

Name a pair of glands which are located in the pelvis, posterior to the bladder

A

Seminal vesicles

40
Q

Where is the site of sperm production and which muscle helps to control temperature within this structure?

A

Seminiferous tubules

- the dartos muscle (contracts in cold temperatures and relaxes in hot temperatures)

41
Q

List 5 structures found within the spermatic cord

A 
Testicular artery 
Pampniform plexus of veins 
Vas deferens 
Nerves 
Lymphatics
42
Q

Where is the spermatic cord located?

A

Within the scrotum at the posterior aspect of the testes

43
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct drain into?

A

Drains its contents into the prostatic urethra

44
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

The sac within the scrotum which surrounds the testis

45
Q

Which autonomic nerves control erection and ejaculation?

A

POINT AND SHOOT
Parasympathetic control erection
Sympathetic control ejaculation

46
Q

Which structure is sectioned and ligated in a male sterilisation procedure? and what is this procedure called?

A

VAS DEFERENS

Vasectomy

47
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

The right lung

48
Q

What are ‘conchae’?

A

Bony structures in the nasal cavity which create turbulent air flow, allowing the air to be warmed as it comes in to contact with the mucosa

49
Q

What is the function of the buccinator muscle and where is it located?

A

It is a muscle of the cheek important for chewing

50
Q

What is a function of the orbicular oris muscle?

A

It prevents drooling

51
Q

What are the names of then 4 sets of tastebuds on the tongue?

A

Foliate
Vallate
Fungiform
Filiform

52
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? (start at the most superolateral on the right side)

A

Right Hypochodnrium, Epigastric, Left hypochondrium
Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar
Right Inguinal, Pubic, Left Inguinal

53
Q

In which direction do afferent and efferent neutrons travel?

A

Afferent - Sensory to the CNS

Efferent - Motor from CNS to effectors

54
Q

The outermost layer of the brain, the cerebral vesocortex, has bumps and gaps - what are these called?

A 
Gyri = bumps 
Sulci = gaps
55
Q

At what area do sensations from the body wall reach consciousness in the brain?

A

Primary somatosensory area

56
Q

What is the diencephalon made up from?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

57
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

58
Q

What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland produce?

A

Oxytocin and Vasopressin

59
Q

What is the function of the 4 parathyroid hormones?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium concentration in the blood

60
Q

Which ribs cover the superior aspects of the kidneys?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

61
Q

Which renal artery is longer, the right or the left?

Which renal vein is longer, the right or the left?

A

Right renal artery is longest

Left renal vein is longest

62
Q

Which two structures of a nephron make up the ‘Renal Corpuscle’?

A

The Bowman’s Capsule and the Glomerulus

63
Q

Which area of the spinal cord does sympathetic outflow come from?

A

T1 - L2

64
Q

What is the blood supply to the brain

A

Internal carotid artery

Vertebral artery

65
Q

Where can rib notching develop?

A

Around pulsations

66
Q

Explain the lymphatic drainage to the venous angles in the body

A

The right lymphatic duct drains into the right venous angle

The left thoracic duct drains into the left venous angle

67
Q

Which 4 cartilage make up the larynx?

A

Hyoid
Epiglottis
Cricoid
Arytenoid

68
Q

What type of joint is an interosseous membrane?

A

Syndesmoses fibrous joint

69
Q

The posterior hypothalamus is activated by cold and the anterior hypothalamus is activated by warmth. True/ False?

A

True

70
Q

what are the 3 layers of fascia that overly the scrotum from superficial to deep?

A

External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal spermatic fascia

71
Q

Describe the atlanto-occipital joint

A

A joint between C1 and the occipital bone of the nuerocranium

72
Q

Describe the acromioclavicular joint

A

A joint between the acromial end of the clavicle and the accromium process of the scapula

73
Q

Describe a facet joint

A

Articulation between vertebrae

74
Q

What is meant by an interosseous membrane?

A

A fibrous sheet tha connects bones. E.g the radius and the ulna

75
Q

What are the resident cells of cartilage called?

A

Chondrocytes

76
Q

At what level does the spinal cord terminate?

A

L2

77
Q

How many teeth do adults usually have?

A

32

78
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occurs?

A

The ampulla of the uterine tube

79
Q

How many bones make up the vertebral column?

A

33

80
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31 (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx)

81
Q

How much flexion can a shoulder joint do?

A

180 degrees of flexion

82
Q

What are the two types of fibrous joints?

A

Syndesmoses and sutures

83
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Synchondrosis and syphses

84
Q

What kind of joints are the growth plates?

A

Synchondrosis joint

85
Q

Which cervical vertebrae is associated with the odontoid process?

A

C2

86
Q

Which vertebrae is the first to have a palpable spinous process

A

C7

87
Q

Do preganglionic neurons leave the spinal cord at the ventral or dorsal horn?

A

Ventral horn

88
Q

The splenic vein drains which part of the gut?

A

The foregut

89
Q

What are the first 3 cranial nerves?

A

Olfactory (1), Optic (II), Occulomotor(III)

90
Q

What is the name of the male gamete?

A

Spermatozoa

91
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the parasympathetic system?

A

Occulomotor, Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus

92
Q

What are noiceptors?

A

Pain receptors

1st year Anatomy (7 decks)

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