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Common Conditions > Respiratory; A&P and Drugs > Flashcards

Respiratory; A&P and Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Airway Functions; Pharynx

A
  • Just behind the nasal cavity, above the oesophagus and larynx
  • Filters, warms and moistens air
  • Splits into three sections; nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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2
Q

Upper Airway Functions; Nasal Conchae

A

Warms/makes air moist to not damage the lungs

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3
Q

Upper Airway Functions; Epiglottis

A
  • The flap that prevents food from enetering into the trachea and lungs
  • Attached at the entrance to the larynx, allowing air to flow into the larynx but closes when swollowing
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4
Q

Upper Airway Functions; Larynx

A
  • Gets closed off by the epiglottic to protect trachea from aspiration
  • Produces vocal sounds
  • Conducting air to the trachea
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5
Q

Structure and Function of the Lungs

A
  • Lung tissue made of 40 cell types
  • 2 lungs (right larger than left as heart in the way)
  • Right has 3 lobes
  • Left has 2 lobes
  • Air supplied by bronchial tree into alveoli where gas exchange happens
  • Blood supply to non-respiratory areas via bronchial arteries (arising from aorta)
  • Blood supply to respiratory areas via pulmonary arteries
  • Connected to the Vagus nerve CN10
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6
Q

Path and Function of the Conducting Zone

A

Bronchial Tree - network along which air travels to respiratory zone, is lined with ciliated columnar epithelial’s which moisten/protect from pathogens
Dead Space - vol of air filling conducting zone (30% of tidal volume)
Trachea and Bronchus - contains cartilage to maintain open airway but as the airway narrows the less cartilage till there’s none

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7
Q

What is the Pleural Membrane

A

A membranous sac surrounding the lungs to maintain negative pressure within its 2 layers. The pressure is slightly lower than atmospheric pressure so it’s there to protect the lungs from collapse

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8
Q

How do the Lung Layers Maintain Negative Pressure

A
  1. Visceral Layer adhesion to elastic lung
  2. Parietal layer adhesion to thoracic wall
  3. Pleural fluid lubrication
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9
Q

Causes of Abnormal Pathophysiology

A
  • Infection/inflammation (pleurisy)
  • Effusion (XS fluid)
  • Pneumothorax
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10
Q

Presentation of Salbutamol

A

Nebuliser liquid, 2.5mg in 2.5ml

Nebuliser liquid, 5mg in 2.5ml

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11
Q

Indications of Salbutamol

A
  • Acute asthma attack where normal inhalers don’t relieve symptoms
  • Expiratory wheeze assc w/ allergy, anaphylaxis, bet-blocker overdose, smoke inhalation and other lower airway cause
  • Exacerbation of COPD
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12
Q

Contra-Indications of Salbutamol

A

None in the emergency situation

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13
Q

Route of Salbutamol

A

Nebuliser with 6-8L of oxygen

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14
Q

Dosages of Salbutamol

A

Adult:
5mg in 5ml for 5 minutes
REPEAT DOSE: 5mg in 5ml for 5 minutes
MAX DOSE: no limit

Child (<5yrs):
2.5mg in 2.5ml for 5 minutes
REPEAT DOSE: 2.5mg in 2.5ml for 5 minutes
MAX DOSE: no limit

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15
Q

Cautions when Adminstrating Salbutamol

A
  • If COPD is a possibility, limit nebulisation with oxygen to 6 minutes
  • If pulse over 140 with paeds after signifigant doses of salbutamol, can ignore and shouldn’t prevent further doses
  • Repeat doses should be discontinued if the side effects are becoming significant (eg tremors, tachycardia over 140)
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16
Q

Presentation of Ipratropium Bromide

A

Nebuliser liquid, 250mcg per 1ml liquid vial

Nebuliser liquid, 500mcg per 2ml liquid vial

17
Q

Indications of Ipratropium Bromide

A
  • Acute, severe or life-threatening asthma
  • Acute asthma, unresponsive to salbutamol
  • Exacerbation of COPD, unresponsive to salbutamol
  • Expiratory wheeze
18
Q

Contra-Indications of Ipratropium Bromide

A

None in the emergency situation

19
Q

Route of Ipratropium Bromide

A

Nebuliser with 6-8L of oxygen

20
Q

Dosage of Ipratropium Bromide

A

Adult:
INITIAL DOSE: 500mcg in 2ml
REPEAT DOSE: No repeat dose

Child (<11):
250mcg in 1ml (half)

COPD: 6 minutes administration only ONCE

21
Q

Presentation of Hydrocortisone

A

Solution for injection; 100mg in 1ml

Powder; 100mg for reconstruction with up to 2ml of water

Ampoule; 100mg for reconstruction with up to 2ml of water

22
Q

Indications of Hydrocortisonse

A
  • Severe or life-threatening asthma
  • Acute exacerbation of COPD
  • Adrenal crisis (incl Addisonian crisis)
  • Prevention of adrenal crisis from long term conditions
23
Q

Contra-INdications of Hydrocortisone

A
  • Known allergy
  • Where a pt has adrenal crisis it is preferable to give whatever preparation is available
24
Q

Route of Hydrocortisone

A

IM

IV - slow over 2 minutes

25
Q

Dosage of Hydrocortisone

A

100mg in 1ml

Powder; 100mg in 2ml

NO REPEAT DOSE

26
Q

Presentation of Adrenaline 1:1000

A

Pre-filled syringe of 1mg in 1ml

27
Q

Indications of Adrenaline 1:1000

A
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Life-threatening asthma with failing ventilations and continued deteriorations despite nebuliser therapy
28
Q

Contra-Indications of Adrenaline 1:1000

A

Only administer IM

29
Q

Route of Adrenaline 1:1000

A

IM ONLY

30
Q

Dosage of Adrenaline 1:1000

A

Adult:
500mcg in 0.5ml (half)
REPEAT DOSE: after 5 minutes, 500mcg in 0.5ml (other half)
MAX DOSE: No limit

Child:
See page for age

31
Q

Magnesium

A
  • CCPs have two forms; nebuliser liquid and IV/IO
  • Must have symptoms of severe or life-threatening asthma
  • Not given in under 2s
32
Q

Normal Phsyiology of Bronhioles

A
  • Bronchioles are also supported by smooth muscle tissue, which surrounds each bronchiole.
  • This smooth muscle tissue is sometimes prone to contract, reducing the size of the bronchioles. This is known as abronchospasm, and is seen in patients with asthma and other lung diseases
33
Q

Action of Salbutamol

A

It is a Beta 2 stimulant drug. It relaxes the smooth muscle in the medium and small airways which are is spasm during an asthma attack

34
Q

Actions of Ipratropium Bromide

A

An antimuscarinic bronchodilator. Works less quickly than salbutamol but has greater benefits in children and adult COPD sufferers

35
Q

Actions of Hydrocortisone

A
  • A glucocorticoid drug/steroidal hormone that replaces steroids that are normally in the body
  • This helps reduce inflammation and swelling by blocking certain proteins in the immune response
36
Q

Actions of Adrenaline 1:1000

A
  • Reverses allergic manifestations of acute anaphylaxis by widening airways and decreasing swelling
  • Relieves bronchospasm in acute severe asthma
  • Maintains heart function and blood pressure by acting on the heart

Common Conditions (18 decks)

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