Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CBL Year 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is entropy

A

Disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does glycolysis take place

A

in the cytosol of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis

A

two ATPs and two NADHs per glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What pathway does NADH participate in

A

catabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What pathway does NADPH participate in

A

anabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is blood lactate levels normally at

A

~1mM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is lactate converted into glucose in the body

A

in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organ can use lactate directly

A

the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After a meal what is the bloodstream high in

A

sugars and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What forms are sugars and fats stored in

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are fatty acids stored as and where

A

as triglycerides in adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does glucose enter cells

A

through transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are GLUT1s

A

in red blood cells and other tissues (Km of 3mM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where are GLUT2s

A

In the liver and pancreas (Km of 17mM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are GLUT3s

A

in the brain (Km of 1.4mM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are GLUT4s

A

in muscle and adipose tissue (Km of 5mM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a high Km mean

A

better at responding to an increase in glucose than other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many grams of sugar does the brain consume daily

A

around 120g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

At what point does the brain become starved of food

A

when blood-glucose levels are less than 2mM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In resting muscle, what is their main source of food

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the major site of fatty acid synthesis

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main source of food for the heart

A

fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where do fats get broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

A

In the mouth and gut (start of digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does low glucose level trigger

A

the breakdown of fats stored in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many mitochondria do liver and heart cells roughly contain

A

around 2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is pyruvate converted into?, where? and how?

A

into acetyl CoA and CO2 in the mitochondrial matrix by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Net gain from citric acid cycle for 1 molecule of glucose

A

2ATP, 10NADH, 2 GTP, 2 FADH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Alveolar gas and its symbol

A

(A) the gas in the alveoli of the lungs where gaseous exchange with capillary blood takes place (AKA alveolar air)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is arterial blood and its symbol

A

(a) blood found in the systemic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is blood flows symbol

A

Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is cardiac outputs symbol

A

Q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is expired gas and its symbol

A

(E) any gas expelled from lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is fractional concentration and its symbol

A

(F) convert percentage composition of a gas to a fraction for use in Dalton’s Law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is gas content and its symbol

A

(C) total volume of gas per unit volume of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is gas flow and its symbol

A

(V with a dot on top) indicates alveolar ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is inspired gas and its symbol

A

(I) any gas that has been inhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is mixed venous blood and its symbol

A

(V with a line on top) sampled from the pulmonary or the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is partial pressure and its symbol

A

(P) mixture of ideal gasses, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would exert if it occupied the space alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is saturation and its symbol

A

(S) measure of the percentage of binding sites of haemoglobin that occupied oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the amount of oxygen delivered to tissue the product of

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is hypoxia

A

abnormally low oxygen content in organs/tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxaemia)

A

insufficient oxygen is available to the lungs and so saturation of haemoglobin is reduced (pneumonia or high altitude)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is ischaemic hypoxia

A

cardiac output (Q) is reduced (heart failure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is anaemic hypoxia

A

concentration of functioning haemoglobin is decreased (iron deficiency anaemia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is histotoxic anaemia

A

inability to utilise available oxygen (cyanide poisoning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

define tidal volume and its symbol

A

(Vt) volume of air inhaled/exhaled during a single quiet breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume and its symbol

A

(IRV) following a maximal inspiration, the volume of air inhaled in excess of tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume and its symbol

A

(ERV) volume of air that remains in the lungs after a normal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define residual volume and its symbol

A

(RV) volume of air that remains in the lungs and cannot be exhaled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Define physiological dead space

A

volume of gas that does not participate in gas exchange

51
Q

Equation for physiological dead space

A

physiological dead space=alveolar dead space + anatomical dead space

52
Q

How do you calculate anatomical dead space

A

= 2.2ml/kg x body weight (kg)

53
Q

Another way of saying respiratory minute volume and what it is

A

pulmonary ventilation rate

volume of air we breathe out of our lungs every minute

54
Q

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RQ)

A

ratio of carbon dioxide produced divided by rate of oxygen consumed per unit time

55
Q

What is calorimetry

A

measurement of energy expenditure

56
Q

What is direct calorimetry

A

measuring the heat exerted by a subject whilst they are in an experimental chamber

57
Q

What is indirect calorimetry

A

simpler technique, relies upon principle that all energy releasing processes in the body depend upon the utilisation of oxygen

58
Q

What is the metabolic rate

A

energy released/or generated per second

59
Q

What does soda lime crystals do in a spirometer

A

acts to remove carbon dioxide

60
Q

What is acidaemia

A

decrease in blood pH

61
Q

What is hypercapnia

A

build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood

62
Q

What are some receptors in the respiratory system

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

63
Q

Where is the control centre for the respiratory system

A

located in the brainstem, medulla oblongata

64
Q

What is the clinical name for a panic attack

A

voluntary hyperventilation (leads to hypercapnia)

65
Q

What is academia and what does it cause

A

causes respiratory acidosis, decrease in pH

66
Q

What is alkaemia and what does it cause

A

causes respiratory alkalosis, increase in pH

67
Q

What do central chemoreceptors respond to

A

to an increase in hydrogen ion concentration
(They cannot pass the blood brain barrier)
carbon dioxide diffuses accrocs bbb and convert into hydrogen ions
Over time there is an increase in bicarbonate in the CSF

68
Q

What are peripheral chemoreceptors stimulated by

A

acidaemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia and hypotension

69
Q

Influence of pH equation

A

pH∝ [HCO3-]/PaCO2

70
Q

What is pathological decrease of bicarbonate termed as

A

metabolic acidosis and causes acidaemia

71
Q

When is metabolic acidosis often seen

A

in type 1 diabetes mellitus (known as diabetic ketoacidosis)

72
Q

What is Kussmaul breathing

A

pattern of deep sighing breathing

73
Q

What is the influence of opioids on the respiratory system

A

bind to MOP receptors and depresses alveolar ventilation

causes respiratory acidosis

74
Q

What do negative pressure ventilators do

A

lower alveolar pressure below atmospheric and suck air in

75
Q

What do positive pressure ventilators do

A

generate higher pressures than atmospheric and blow air out

76
Q

What are the effects of an increase in pulmonary arterial pressure

A

increase pulmonary blood flow
increases perfusion of the lung apices
reduced physiological dead space

77
Q

Fick equation

A

CO (cardiac output) = VO2 (o2 consumed in ml) / (Ca (oxygen content in arterial blood) - Cv (oxygen content of mixed venous blood)

78
Q

What is the effects of training on the heart

A

increased myocardial capillaries
increased size of ventricular chamber due to hypertrophy of the chamber wall
increased vagal tone results in bradycardia

79
Q

What is material hypoxia defined as

A

arterial PO2 of less than 60mmHg

80
Q

Range that defines hypercapnia

A

above 42mmHg

81
Q

Range that defines hypocapnia

A

below 35mmHg

82
Q

What is P

A

partial pressure

83
Q

what is S

A

saturation

84
Q

What is V

A

volume of gas

85
Q

What is F

A

fractional concentration of gas

86
Q

What is a

A

material blood

87
Q

what is v

A

venous blood

88
Q

Equation for respiratory minute volume

A

respiratory minute volume = tidal volume x respiratory rate

89
Q

Equation for the alveolar ventilation

A

alveolar ventilation = (tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate

90
Q

Equation for PACO2 (partial pressure of co2 in alveolar gas)

A

PACO2 = rate of production of CO2 / alveolar ventilation

91
Q

What does emergency assessment ABCDEF mean

A 
airway
breathing
circulation
disability 
exposure
don't Forget to measure blood glucose
92
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

10-15 per minute

93
Q

What is rapid breathing called

A

tachypnoea

94
Q

What is respiratory arrest known as

A

apnoea

95
Q

What is Cheyne-stokes breathing

A

occurs at end of life, gradually decreases to a complete stop

96
Q

What does Kussmaul breathing indicate

A

acidity of arterial blood (Acidosis)

97
Q

What is vesicular breathing

A

normal breathing

98
Q

What is a stridor

A

an abnormal inspiratory noise due to obstructed upper airway

99
Q

What is bronchiole breathing

A

localised fluid within alveoli associated with things like pneumonia

100
Q

What does perfusion mean

A

flow of blood

101
Q

What is the Laplace equation

A

transmural pressure = 2 x pressure tension radius

102
Q

What is FRC

A

functional residual capacity

103
Q

What happens in a traumatic pneumothorax

A

intra pleural pressure becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure and the lungs collapse

104
Q

What is surface tension reduced by

A

surfactant (produced by type II alveolar cells)

105
Q

When does the ability to produce surfactant develop

A

between24-35 weeks

106
Q

What is meant by compliance (in terms of the respiratory system)

A

the distensibility of the lungs and chest wall

107
Q

What is hysteresis

A

the difference between the inspiratory and expiratory limbs

108
Q

What do fibrotic (restrictive) diseases lead to

A

scarring of the lungs
reduction in compliance
reduction in FRC (functional residual capacity)

109
Q

What does emphysema or obstructive diseases lead to

A

loss of elastin fibres
increase in compliance
increase in FRC
clinical description of a barrel-shaped chest

110
Q

What determines FRC

A

elastic properties of lungs give them a tendency to collapse, chest wall has a tendency to expand and spring outwards
point at which these forces are equal and opposite produces the FRC

111
Q

Where is the pressure generated by in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A 
pulmonary = right ventricle
systemic = left ventricle
112
Q

what is the normal systolic/diastolic pressure in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A 
pulmonary = 25/8
systemic = 120/80
113
Q

What is the resistance like in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A 
pulmonary = lower (pulmonary vascular resistance)
systemic = higher (total peripheral resistance)
114
Q

What is the blood flow (perfusion) like in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A 
pulmonary = little less than 5L/min
systemic = 5L/min
115
Q

What is the response of arterioles/small arteries to hypoxia in the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit

A 
pulmonary = vasoconstriction
Systemic = vasodilation
116
Q

What is an advantage of hypoxic vasoconstriction

A

diverts blood away from poorly ventilated alveoli

117
Q

What is cor pulmonae

A

right-sided heart failure due to hypoxic lung disease

118
Q

What are signs of cor pulmonae

A

cyanosis
pitting oedema
raised internal JVP
hepatomegaly (abnormal enlargement of liver)

119
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve shift to the right

A 
facilitates unloading
decreased affinity
rise in PCO2
decrease in pH
increase in temperature
increase in 2,3-DPG
120
Q

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left

A 
increased affinity
facilitates loading
fall in PCO2
increase in pH
decrease in temperature
decrease in 2,3-DPG
121
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

changes in affinity due to changes in PCO2 and pH

122
Q

What does 2,3-DPG do

A

facilitates unloading of oxygen at peripheral tissues

123
Q

Describe carbon dioxide transport in blood

A

dissolved in plasma
bound to HbA forming carbaminohaemoglobin
converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-)

CBL Year 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions