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Bio 150 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where the air needs to be filtered, warmed and moistened

A

PSUEDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

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2
Q

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where food or debris may damage the respiratory tract?

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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3
Q

What is the histology of the respiratory tract in areas where gas exchange can occur?

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

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4
Q

Functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Provides a pathway for air into and out of the lungs
  • Provides moist surface area (for gas exchange)
  • Protects
  • Produces sound
  • Sense of smell
  • Regulate PH
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5
Q

What are the components of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Nose and nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
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6
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Lungs (alveoli)
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7
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

To trap and humidify air and increase surface area

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8
Q

The nasal cavity is lined with two mucosa membranes, what are they?

A

Olfactory mucosa and Respiratory mucosa

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9
Q

What does Respiratory epithelium mean in context to its histology?

A

It refers to pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Sometimes with goblet cells in situations where we need mucous to protect or respiratory tract.

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10
Q

What epithelium type is in the respiratory mucosa of the nasal cavity?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

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11
Q

Where does the olfactory mucosa sit?

A

On the superior regions of the nasal cavity

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12
Q

What does the olfactory mucosa contain?

A

Olfactory neurons and supporting epithelial cells

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13
Q

Function of nose and nasal cavities

A

Provides airway for respiration
Moistens and warms entering air using mucous lining
Filters and cleans air
Resonating chamber for air

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14
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, and maxillary

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15
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses in terms of the respiratory system?

A

Lightens the skull

Helps warm and moisten the air by producing mucous, which flows into the nasal cavity.

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16
Q

What is the order of the Pharynx from most superior to most inferior?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

Which part of the pharynx is only meant to have air in it?

A

The nasopharynx

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18
Q

What epithelium does the nasopharynx have?

A

“respiratory epithelium”

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

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19
Q

What part of the pharynx has openings for auditory tubes?

A

Nasopharynx

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20
Q

What epithelium does the oropharynx have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

because food is rough on epithelial cells until further digestion

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21
Q

What epithelium does the laryngopharynx have?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

What structure does the laryngopharynx lead to?

A

Larynx

LARYNGO-pharynx

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23
Q

What is the larynx?

A

A cartilaginous tube that is attached to the hyoid bone.

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24
Q

What is the larynx also called?

A

The “voice box”

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25
Q

What are the structures of the larynx?

A 
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Epiglottis
Vocal cords
Glottis
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26
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage anchor the larynx to?

A

The trachea

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27
Q

What is the epiglottis’s nickname?

A

“guardian of the airway”

28
Q

Where is the epiglottis located?

A

Ontop of the larynx

29
Q

Function of the epiglottis?

A

Closes over larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering airway

30
Q

Function of vocal cords?

A

‘Folds’ over vocal ligaments that vibrate when air rushes up from the lungs

31
Q

What is the glottis?

A

An opening between the vocal cords

32
Q

Describe the key parts of the anatomy of the trachea

A

Strong hollow tube that is medial to the superior parts of the lungs.
Lined with ‘respiratory epithelium’ (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)
Has C shaped tracheal cartilaginous rings that are made of hyaline cartilage

33
Q

What is special about the ‘C shaped’ tracheal cartilaginous rings of the trachea?

A

They have a posterior muscle called the trachealis muscle.

It consists of smooth muscle and it allows the trachea to constrict airway for a more forceful exhale.

34
Q

What is a carina?

A

Is the last ‘c shaped’ tracheal cartilaginous ring.

It divides the trachea into left and right primary bronchi.

35
Q

What is the pressure like while air is travelling through the bronchi?

A

The pressure increases as it goes from the primary bronchi to the 2ndary bronchi, and is at its most when it is in the tertiary bronchi.

36
Q

What kind of epithelium do the bronchioles have?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

37
Q

What are the smallest branches of the bronchioles called?

A

Terminal bronchioles

38
Q

What is an alveoli?

A

Thin-walled structures that are made for gas exchange.

It is surrounded by a network of capillaries and have elastin to allow for recoil in exhalation.

39
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes
Type 2 pneumocytes
Alveolar macrophages

40
Q

What is the histology of Type 1 Pneumocytes?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

41
Q

What is the histology of Type 2 Pneumocytes?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

Function of Type 1 Pneumocytes?

A

Gas exchange

43
Q

Function of Type 2 Pneumocytes?

A

Secrete a surfactant (lower surface tension)

44
Q

What do alveolar sacs contain?

45
Q

What is the function of Alveolar macrophages?

A

Protect epithelium

46
Q

Where do the lungs sit?

A

In the left and right pleural cavities.

47
Q

How do the lungs differ in size?

A

They differ in size because of the position of the heart.
The right lung has 3 lobes
The left lung has 2 lobes

48
Q

What is “pulmonary ventilation”?

49
Q

What is the structure of the lungs that allow blood vessles, lymphatic vessels nerves and bronchi to enter called?

50
Q

Where is the Hilum located?

A

The most medial part of each lung. Where the bronchi stop.

51
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

A

The diaphragm contracts (rises)

52
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

The diaphragm relaxes (depresses)

53
Q

Inhalation is _____
Exhalation is _____
Passive or Active

A

Inhalation is ACTIVE

Exhalation is PASSIVE

54
Q

What are the 3 ways of getting air into the lungs?

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration

55
Q

What happens during external respiration?

A

O2 moves from the air to the blood

CO2 moves from blood to air

56
Q

What happens during internal respiration?

A

O2 moves from blood to tissues

CO2 moves from tissues to blood

57
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

Capillary beds at alveoli

58
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

Capillary beds of the body

59
Q

What are some impacts that occur in the respiratory tract that affect external respiration?

A

Pneumonia
Asthma
Emphysema

60
Q

What is Asthma

A

Constriction of the bronchioles, reducing the volume of air that will enter the alveolar sacs

61
Q

What causes asthma?

A

allergies or toxins

62
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

Loss of alveoli in lungs

Reducing surface area for gas exchange

63
Q

What causes Emphysema?

A

Smoking/Vaping or poor air quality.

64
Q

What is Pneumonia caused by?

A

Viruses or bacteria

65
Q

Why does Pneumonia happen?

A

Cytokins and fluids are brought to the lungs to protect them from viruses or bacteria.

Bio 150 (6 decks)

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