Respiratory Flashcards

Question

Muscle Control

Answer 1

Diaphragm | External intercostal muscles

Answer 2

Inspiration brings air in and expiration forces air out The diaphragm contracts and lowers increasing the volume of the lungs. This decreases the pressure in the lungs by -1mmHg which will create a vacuum The diaphragm raises and forces air out The external intercostals also aid this process Expiration is passive unless we cough, sneeze or have forced breathing

Answer 3

``` 500mL Tidal Volume Residual volume- air left after expiration so lungs don't collapse IRV ERV ```

Answer 4

150mL is left in the airways and does not exchange gas | If tidal volume is 500 only 350 is exchanging gas

Answer 5

Spirometer: instrument used to measure respiratory volumes and capacities Spirometry can distinguish between -Obstructive pulmonary disease- increased airway resistance (e.g., bronchitis) -Restrictive disorders- reduction in total lung capacity due to structural or function lung changes (e.g., fibrosis or TB)

Answer 6

Minute ventilation: total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute Forced vital capacity (FVC): gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath Forced expiratory volume (FEV): the amount of gas expelled during specific time intervals of the FVC

Answer 7

Most result from reflex action | Examples include: cough, sneeze, crying, laughing, hiccups, and yawns.

Answer 8

Regulates breathing | Unconscious and Conscious

Answer 9

Constant measuring of 02 and CO2 in the blood 78% nitrogen 20% oxygen 0.04% CO2 in the air The partial pressure of 02 is greater in the alveoli than in the blood and CO2 is greater in blood -Passively these gases move from high to low pressure

Answer 10

On hemoglobin 98.5% -Oxyhemoglobin 02 + Hgb -Deoxyhemoglobin -02 Usually on all four irons in hemoglobin -Venous reserve- venous blood still has 75% 02 remaining bound on the hgb- it doesn't go away! Also in plasma 1.5% Bohr effect- oxygen unloading, decrease affinity for hgb and is promoted by increase in CO2

Answer 11

Hypoxia - Inadequate 02 delivery to tissues - Due to a variety of causes - Too few RBCs - Abdnormal or too little Hb - Blocked circulation - Metabolic poisons - Pulmonary disease - Carbon monodixe

Answer 12

``` These are 3 ways CO2 is carried to lungs On Hb (20-25%) In plasma (10%) RBCs turn CO2 into bicarbonate ion (65-70%) the bicarb is released into plasma ```

Answer 13

Medulla oblongata -Dorsal and ventral respiratory ganglia -Ventral controls breathing -Dorsal monitors the chemoreceptors in the periphery -Expiration is passive unless forced Pons helps to regulate by fine-tuning breathing Hypothalamus creates emotive changes We can control motor over the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

Answer 14

Attempting homeostasis CO2 is more acidic We have 02 sensors in the aortic and carotid bodies -the aortic is sensed by CN X -the cartoids are sensed by CN IX Exhaling more often will decrease the levels of acidity in the body When levels reach critical status, we will inhale (drowning victims get water in their lungs this way)

Answer 15

Mucous membranes have well-developed blood supply that warms and humidifies the air Mucous blanket forms from mucous membranes and cilia pulse the captured particles up and send them into the digestive tract and it is destroyed by gastric acid (it also has antiviral and antibacterial secretions) Nasal hairs act as cilia

Answer 16

``` Cough -Productive with sputum -Nonproductive or dry -Hemoptysis Dyspnea -SOB from obstruction or decreased lung compliance Cyanosis -Contains large amounts of deoxyhemoglobin -Creates a dark red-blue color ```

Answer 17

Heart Failure -Left sided heart failure leads to back up in the pulmonary system. That back up causes pulmonary htn. This can then back up to the right ventricle which causes cor pulmonale (right ventricular enlargement and failure) Thromboembolism in pulmonary vessels. Reduced ventilation -When ventilation is decreased, there is a constriction of all the pulonary arterioles, which will cause blood to move more quickly through the lungs and cause pulmonary htn.

Answer 18

``` Obstructive lung diseases -Chronic bronchitis -Pulmonary emphysema -Chronic airway obstruction -Bronchial asthma Restrictive lung disease -Severe kyphosis, scoliosis -Muscular dystrophy causes muscular weakness of respiratory muscles Fibrosis of the lung tissue due to autoimmune diseases, infections, drugs etc. ```

Answer 19

COPD -Exemplified by chronic bronchitis and emphysema -Irreversible decrease in the ability to force air our of the lungs Other common features: -Hx of smoking in 80% of patients -Dyspnea: labored breathing ("air hunger") -Coughing and frequent pulmonary infectipns Most develop resp. failure (ypoventilation) accompanied by respiratory acidosis

Answer 20

``` Inflammation of the bronchi Cough with lots of phlegm Acute or Chronic Yields yellow or white phlegm "Blue bloaters" cyanosis due to decrease in oxygen ```

Answer 21

Damage to the alveoli Airways collapse during expiration and air cannot get out Usually smoking-induced or due to long-term exposure to air pollutants

Answer 22

Constriction of the bronchioles, inflammation and mucous production May be autoimmune response increasing inflammation and initiating bronchoconstriction

Answer 23

Infection inflames the lung parenchyma or tissues. It can also happen when the pulmonary capillary endothelium are damaged from inhaled irritants that then bring inflammation to that region of the lungs. Virus or bacteria, or aspiration Alveoli secrete fluid Cough with phlegm

Answer 24

Damage to the pulmonary capillaries making them permeable.

Answer 25

``` Bacterial infection Infection by mycobacterium TB Airborne Forms a focus in the lungs May leave scar on lungs Coughing, fever, night sweats, weight loss Dx by x-rays and skin test TB test Tx with antibiotics ```

Answer 26

``` Poison by bacterial toxin Clostridium botulinum Found in under-cooked foods Blocks transmission of nerve signals to skeletal muscles Fatal d/t paralysis or resp. muscles. ```

Answer 27

Proliferation of abnormal lung cells Cancer is abdnormal growth of any cells Strongly associated with smoking More than 90% of lung cancer patients are current or former smokes Some were exposed to second hand smoke Radon gas and workplace chemicals (asbestos) can also cause Symptoms-persistent cough, coughing up blood, chest pain with cough Three most common types 1. Squamous cell carcinoma (20-40%) in bronchial epithlium 2. Adenocarcinoma (40% of cases) originates in peripheral lung areas 3. Small cell carcinoma (20%) contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the primary bronchi and subsequently metastasize

Answer 28

CV condition Heart becomes less efficient Left heart fails fluid fills up on the lungs Tx focus on reducing fluid

Answer 29

Inherited condition One defective gene causes mucous producing cells in the lungs to produce a thick sticky mucus. The mucus inhibits lung air flow causing infection of the airway. Treatment includes consistent physical therapy to dislodge mucus and keep the airways open.