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Pathophysiology > Nutrition, Metabolism, And Body Temp Regulation > Flashcards

Nutrition, Metabolism, And Body Temp Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Energy

A

ATP
Kilocalories
Heat needed to raise on kilogram of water 1 degree C.

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2
Q

Major Nutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

Vitamins and minerals-essential nutrients needed from diet

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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A 
Dietary sources
-Monosaccharides (basic sugars)
-Disaccharides (more complex sugars)
-Polysaccharides (starch and cellulose)
Uses in body
-Breaks down to glucose
-Makes ATP and energy for the blood and brain
-Stored in the liver as glycogen and the body as fat
Dietary requirements
-125 grams per day of complex carbs
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4
Q

Lipids

A

Dietary sources

  • Neutral fats
  • Saturated fats
  • Unsaturated fats
  • Essential fatty acids

Uses in Body

  • Absorb fat soluble vitamins
  • Energy for liver and muscles
  • Cell membranes
  • Insulation and protection of organs
  • Storage for energy
  • Cholesterol forms hormones

Dietary requirements

  • 30% or less (10% or less of saturated fats)
  • Cholesterol less than 200mg per day
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5
Q

Proteins

A

Dietary soruces

  • Animal protein: complete protein
  • Vegetable protein: can be complete with proper combinations (cereals and legumes)

Uses in the body

  • Building blocks
  • Enzymes
  • Energy with malnutrition
  • Nitrogen balance- nitrogen is used to build tissues
    • Positive increases deposition
    • Negative decrease deposition and increases breakdown of tissues for energy
  • Hormonal controls
    • Can accelerate protein synthesis (growth hormone)

Dietary requirements
-10% of your diet

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6
Q

Vitamins

A

Needed in small amounts for good health
Coenzymes- aids enzyme
Found in a variety of foods
Fat soluble or water soluble

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7
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

B Complex and C
Absorbed with water
B12 needs intrinsic factor
Not stored

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8
Q

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

A 
A,D,E,K
Ingested with lipids
Stored in body
Can cause side effects
A,C,E are antioxidants
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9
Q

Minerals

A

Calcium, phospherus
Work to help the body function
Iron aids oxygen bonding to heme of hemoglobin
Sodium, chloride, potassium are electrolytes
Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium harden bones

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

Biochemical reactions
Cells are built up or torn down
-Cellular respiration of the breakdown of substances and the reformation of ATP to be stored for energy
Anabolism-larger molecules are built and energy is sotred
Catabolism- molecules are broken down

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11
Q

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

A

Oxidation Reaction

  • Cellular reactions
  • Add oxygen or lose hydrogen (lose energy)
  • Reduction is the addition of hydrogen (gain energy)

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)
-Because one gives electrons and one gets electrons

OIL RIG

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12
Q

ATP Synthesis

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

  • the direct transfer of phosphate to ADP
  • Can be in mitochondria or outside mitochondria

Oxidative phosphorylation

  • More complicated
  • Occurs only in mitochondria
  • But releases more energy to make ATP
  • Last phase of Metabolism
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13
Q

Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

Carbs are turned into glucose
Glucose is passed into cells with insulin by faciliated diffusion
How does the glucose get into the cells?

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14
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism requires three steps to turn glucose into ATP

A

Glycolysis
-In cell cytoplasm
-Converts glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules (anerobic)
2 ATP overall is gained (2 are used and 4 are created)

Kreb’s Cycle

  • In mitochondria
  • Pyruvic acid from glycolysis turns into acetyl Co
  • Aerobic
  • Turns food stuff into energy

Electron transport chain

  • Transport of electrons (hydrogen) into the plasma membrane produce ATP
  • One glucose yields 36 ATP
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15
Q

Glycogenesis and Lycogenolysis

A

Glucose is stored as flycogen or gat
Glycogenesis is the storage of glucose in long chains
Stored in liver and skeletal muscles
Glycogenolysis is the splitting of sored glycogen

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16
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

When too little glucose is present

New glucose is formed from glycerol and amino acids

17
Q

Oxidation of Glycerol and Fatty Acids

A

Glycerol (a sugar that forms part of lipids) can also enter the Kreb’s cyclse
This forms half the ATP from the Kreb’s cycle

18
Q

Lipogenesis & Lipolysis

A

Triglyceride creation for subcutaneous storage
Occurs when glucose or glycerol levels are high
Breakdown of triglyceride into glycerol and fatty acids
Occurs when carbs are low, we tap the fat stores

19
Q

Ketogenesis

A

When lipolysis does not have the right acids, (oxalocetic acid) acetyl CoA to ketones
Occurs in diabetics causing metabolic acidosis
Breath smells fruity, breathing increases
Causes hyperventilation

20
Q

Oxidation of Amino Acids

A

Oxidation results in urea and water
-Urea is formed in the liver and sent by the blood to be excreted in the urine
Amino acids form the building blocks of the bodys molecules
Proteins are formed on ribosomes

21
Q

Catabolic-Anabolic State

A

Organic molecules are built up and broken down
Amino acids, carbohydrates or fat pools
All these are the free supplies in the body

22
Q

Absorptive States

A

Eating and digesting for 4 hours
Anabolism is more than catabolism
Glucose is the major energy
Regulated by insulin from the beta cells of the pancreas
DM is when inadequate insulin is produced or insulin receptors are abnormal

23
Q

Postabsorptive State

A

Goal is to maintain glucose levels in the blood
Homeostatic range is 80-100mg glucose/100mL of blood
Sources of blood glucose
-Glycogenolysis in the liver and skeletal muscle
-Lipolysis in adipose tissues and liver releases glycerol to be directly turned into glucose
-Catabolism of proteins in cells
Glucose sparing
-The brain uses glucose for the longest period of time
-Other body tissues begin to use fats
Hormonal and neural controls
-Insulin (beta cells of the pancrease) deposits glucose into the tissues
-Glucagon (alpha cells of the pancreas) deposits glucose into tissues
-Epinephrine is released to stimulate the release of glucose and fats for quick energy

24
Q

General Metabolic Functions of the Liver

A 
Cholesterol metabolism and regulation of blood cholesterol 
Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Stores vitamins and minerals
25
Q

Cholesterol Metabolism

A 
Bile salts, vit. D and steroid hormones
Fro diet and from liver production
Insoluble water - lipoproteins
The more fat, the lower the density
-HDL (60mg/100ml blood) and above it good
-LDL 160 or below)
-VLDL
Chylomicrons
-Seperate lipoprotein that carries fats from the small intestines to liver
26
Q

Factors Regulating Plasma Cholesterol Levels

A 
Fat intake, esp saturated fat 
Unsaturated help to remove cholesterol
Omega 3 is very good aid 
Do Not eat trans fatty acids
-Increase LDL and decrease HDL

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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