Respiratory Flashcards
respiration def
cellular metabolism and use of oxygen
ventilation def
breathing; movement of air in conducting tubes and alveoli
external respiration def
movement of air between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
internal respiration def
movement of air between systemic capillaries and tissues of body
perfusion def
blood flow
alveolar cell types (2)
- structure
2. surfactant
3 functions of respiratory system
ventilation, diffusion, perfusion
lobes per lung
right = 3, left = 2
pressure of pulmonary arteries
25/10
chemoreceptors stimulate breathing in response to ___
increase in PaCO2 (and therefore pH)
peripheral stimulate breathing in response to ___
decrease in PaO2
mucous blanket in airways contain immune mediators such as (3)
immunoglobulin (IgA), PMNs (leukocytes), interferon
phagocytic cell in alveoli
macrophage
type of study and purpose of lung scan
morphologic; detection of emboli, infarction, pneumonia, and emphysema
type of study and purpose of bronchoscopy
morphologic; detect cancer, remove foreign bodies
type of study and purpose of sputum study
morphologic; detect microbes, observe presence of pus, observe presence of blood, assess color and odor (indicative of infection)
purpose of physiologic lung studies
show the affect of disease on lung function
cause of cyanosis
increase in reduced Hb (not bound to O2), i.e. low O2 sats
hypoxemia def
inadequate O2 in blood; leads to hypoxia
hypoxia def
inadequate O2 in body tissues, local or generalized; caused by hypoxemia or ischemia
ischemia def
inadequate perfusion (blood flow) to deliver oxygen; leads to hypoxia
hypoventilation leads to:
hypercapnia, hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis
hyperventilation leads to:
hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis, probably hypoxemia
obstructive ventilatory disorders makes ___ very difficult
expiration
restrictive ventilatory disorders makes ___ very difficult
inspiration
chronic bronchitis def
increased mucus production for long time (3+ months or 2+ years in a row); d/t hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells and inflammation
emphysema def
decrease in number of functional alveoli and ducts
asthma def
hypersensitivity reaction; obstructive disorder; bronchial narrowing, bronchospasm, edema, and hypersecretion of mucus; mediated by IgE
bronchiectasis def
chronic dilation of medium sized bronchi/bronchioles d/t inflammation
pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis
chloride channels across multiple epithelia of the body are blocked with protein (lungs, pancreas, intestines, and apocrine sweat glands); causes increased mucus production and viscosity
extrapulmonary disorders that cause restrictive lung disease
decreased compliance/elasticity of lungs or thoracic wall; neuro changes that depress respiratory function; musculoskeletal abnormalities like kyphosis or scoliosis;
pleural and parenchymal disorders causing restrictive lung disease
pleural effusion; pneumothorax; atelectasis; pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis
relationship/difference between pleural effusion and atelectasis
pleural effusion can cause atelectasis
risks for developing PE
being bedridden –> venous stasis; vein injury; hypercoagulability
PE obstructs blood flow where?
out of right ventricle into pulmonary circulation
2 types of acute respiratory failure
- hypoxemic, normocapnic: PaCO2 is normal or low at rest (hyperventilation)
- hypercapnic: PaCO2 is high (ventilatory failure/ hypoventilation)
2 main characteristics of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- hypoxemia
2. diffuse noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
ARDS etiology
direct or indirect injury to the lungs, i.e. shock, sepsis, pneumonia, trauma, aspiration, surgery
ARDS pathogenesis
decrease in amount of surfactant plus damage to alveolar-capillary membrane –> leaky capillaries
most common source of lung cancer
bronchogenic – not metastatic from other places
poor prognosis
diagnostic tools for lung cancer (3)
radiology, bronchoscopy, cytology
true or false: TB manifestations are the result of hypersensitivity reaction
true
restrictive lung disorders cause a period of ___ventilation, followed by chronic ___ventilation
hyper, hypo
pathogenesis of dyspnea
restriction/obstruction –> hypoventilation –> elevated PaCO2 –> stimulation of increased respiratory rate –> restriction/obstruction prevents effective increase in RR
first sign of respiratory failure
increased RR
decrease in radius of a vessel ___ ___ resistance to flow
exponentially increases
pathophysiological problem of obstructive lung disorder
air trapping
normal alveolar PO2
100-105 mm Hg
normal alveolar PCO2
40 mm Hg
normal arterial PO2
90-95 mm Hg
normal arterial PCO2
40 mm Hg
normal venous PO2
40 mm Hg
normal venous PCO2
46-47 mm Hg
causes of left shift in oxyhemoglobin curve
hypothermia, alkalosis, hypocapnia
left shift in oxyhemoglobin curve means
increased O2 affinity
alveolar consolidation def
alveoli filling with fluid (blood, pus, water)
pneumothorax pathogenesis
interruption of transmural pressure gradient between visceral and parietal pleura
airway inflammation in asthma is characterized by ___, ___ (obstruction/restriction)
recurrent, reversible obstruction (narrowing)
COPD airway inflammation is characterized by ___ (obstruction/restriction)
fixed obstruction (narrowing)
smokers develop ___lobular emphysema
centri-
most common origin of metastases in the lungs
breast
largest lung volume
inspiratory reserve volume
most important lung volume measurement for obstructive pulmonary diseases
FEV = forced expiratory capacity (will be low)
normal minute lung volume at rest
9-10 L/min
