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Phase 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main components of the URT (3)

A
  1. ) Nose
  2. ) Pharynx - Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Layrngopharynx
  3. ) Larnyx
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2
Q

What are the functions of the Vestibule? (3)

A

Warm inspired air
Humidify inspired air
Defence against pathogens and irritants

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3
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal vestibule

A

Squamous Stratified Keratinising Epithelium

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4
Q

What feature of the vestibule allows it to filter?

A

Stiff hairs

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5
Q

What doubles the surface area of the nasal cavity?

A

Turbinates

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6
Q

What are the name of the Turbinates (3)

A

Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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7
Q

Features of the Superior Meatus (3)

A

Olfactory Epithelium
Cribiform Plate
Next to Sphenoid Sinus

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8
Q

Features of Middle Meatus

A

Maxillary Sinus opens into Middle Meatus

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9
Q

Features of Inferior Meatus

A

Drainage of Nasolacrimal Gland

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10
Q

Name the facial sinuses (4)

A

Frontal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
Sphenoid

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11
Q

Where is the Frontal Sinus located

A

Above eyes

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12
Q

Where is the Ethmoidal Sinus located

A

Directly inferior to Frontal Sinus

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13
Q

Where is the Maxillary Sinus located

A

Lateral to the Nose

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14
Q

Where is the Sphenoid Sinus located

A

Inferior to Sphenoid Bone

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15
Q

What type of epithelium lines the pharynx

A

Squamous, Columnar

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16
Q

What special features does the Pharynx have

A

Contains Cilia and Goblet Cells

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17
Q

What are the parts of the Pharynx (3)

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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18
Q

What structure located in the Nasopharynx helps to equalise pressure

A

Eustachian Tube

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19
Q

What type of tonsils does the Nasopharynx encompass

A

Pharyngeal Tonsils

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20
Q

Where does the Nasopharynx end

A

Soft Palate

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21
Q

Where does the Oropharynx end

A

Hyoid Bone

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22
Q

What type of tonsils does the Oropharynx contain

A

Palatine

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23
Q

What is the function of the Larynx, and how does it do this?

A

Stops food and water from going into the lungs using the epiglottis

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24
Q

What are the single cartilages of the Larynx (3)

A

Epiglottis
Thyroid
Cricoid

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25
Q

What are the double cartilages of the larynx (3)

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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26
Q

Innervation of the Larynx

A

Vagus (CNX)

Vagus splits into Recurrent Laryngeal and Superior Laryngeal

Superior Laryngeal splits into Internal and External

Recurrent Laryngeal splits into Left and Right and supplies all muscles EXCEPT cricothyroid, which is supplied by External Laryngeal

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27
Q

What is the Function of the LRT

A

Gas Exchange

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28
Q

What is the rate of minute ventilation

A

5L/Min

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29
Q

What is the path of splitting? (12)

A

Trahcea -> Main Bronchus -> Lobar Bronchi -> Segmental Bronchi -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Acini –> Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveloar Sacs -> Alveolar Ducts -> Alveoli

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30
Q

What is the type of epithelium in the trachea

A

Pseudostratified, Ciliated, Columnar epithelium

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31
Q

What specialised cells does the trachea contain?

A

Goblet Cells

Cilliated

32
Q

What is the Carina?

A

Bifurcation of the Trachea

33
Q

Which main Bronchus is more vertical

A

Right

34
Q

What pore connects Alveoli

A

Pores of Kohn

35
Q

What are the 3 main cell types in Alveoli?

A

Type I Pneumocytes
Type II Pneumocytes
Alveolar Macrophages

36
Q

What do Type I Pneumocytes do?

A

Pavement structures that create alveoli

37
Q

What do Type II Pneumocytes do?

A

Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

38
Q

How many order of blood supply branching is there?

A

17

39
Q

What is the process of blood supply to the lungs?

A

REDUCED DIAMETER blood vessels accompany airways in BRONCHO-VASCULAR BUNDLES to oxygenate blood

40
Q

How many pulmonary veins return to the heart

A

4

41
Q

What needs to happen in terms of alveolar pressure, for inspiration to occur

A

Alveolar Pressure must become Negative

42
Q

How is a Negative Alveolar Pressure generated

A

External Intercostal Muscles contract, pushing ribs out and up, increasing volume of thorax.

43
Q

What muscles are used during forced expiration

A

Internal Intercostals

44
Q

Is Inspiration/ Expiration Passive or Active

A

Inspiration is Active

Expiration is Passive (unless forced)

45
Q

When the Diaphragm contracts, what shape is it?

A

Flat

46
Q

What is Dead Space

A

Where air is breathed in, but is not involved in Gas Exchange

47
Q

What are the 2 types of Dead Space

A

Anatomical

Alveolar

48
Q

What is the volume of Dead Space

A

150ml Anatomical
25ml Alveolar

175ml

49
Q

What happens when a part of the lung has poor ventilation

A

Hypoxic Pulmonary Constriction

Vasoconstriction occurs, directing blood away from the place of low ventilation

50
Q

What part of the Lung is most preferentially perfused

A

Capillaries at the bottom of the lung are perfused preferentially, due to gravity

51
Q

What does Perfusion of Capillaries depend upon? (3)

A

Pulmonary Artery Pressure
Pulmonary Vein Pressure
Alveolar Pressure

52
Q 
PaCO2
PACO2
PiO2
V'A
V'CO2
A 
PaCO = Arterial Pressure of CO2
PACO2 = Alveolar Pressure of CO2
PiO2 = Pressure of Inspired Oxygen
V'A = Alveolar Ventilation
V'CO2 = CO2 Production
53
Q

What are the methods of CO2 removal in the body (3)

A

Dissolved in Plasma
Carbonic Acid
Bound to Haemoglobin

54
Q

What happens to PaCO2 is you Hyperventilate?

A

Decreases

55
Q

What is the Equation Relating PaCO2, CO2 production and alveolar ventilation

A

PaCO2 = K V’CO2/V’A

56
Q

What is the Alveolar Gas Equation

A

PAO2 = PiO2 - PaCO2/R

57
Q

What are the causes of low PaO2? (4)

A

Alveolar Hyperventilation
Reduced PiO2
V/Q mismatching
Diffusion Abnormality

58
Q

How is pH controlled in the body? (3)

A

Renal : Bicarbonate Production
Henderson Hasselbach
Concentration of CO2 in the blood

59
Q

What is the Henderson Hasselbach Equation

A

pH = 6.1 + log10([HCO3-] / 0.03 x PCO2])

60
Q

What does the Henderson Hasselbach Equation show

A

For PaCO2 to rise, HCO3- must also rise

61
Q

Every breathe has how much volume?

A

500ml

62
Q

What is the Residual Volume

A

Fixed amount of air left in the lungs at all times

63
Q

What is VC?

A

Vital Capacity - Amount able to be breathed out

64
Q

What is TLC and how can it be calculated?

A

Total Lung Capacity = VC + RV

65
Q

What is FEV1

A

Volume of Air that can be breathed out in 1 second

66
Q

What does a Peak Flow chart show?

A

Shows that most air is expelled from the lungs in the first second

67
Q

What is the Unit of Measurement used for Peak Flow

A

L/Min

68
Q

How can Lung Volumes be measured

A

Gas Dilution

69
Q

What are Transfer Estimates used for

A

Efficiency of Gas Intake by Lungs

Make patient Breathe CO and check their CO levels prior to and after breathing.

70
Q

Abnormal values for FEV1

A

Less than 80% of predicted values

71
Q

Abnormal Values for FVC

A

Less than 80% of predicted Values

72
Q

What does a low FVC value indicate

A

Airways Restriction

73
Q

What is the abnormal value for FEV1/FVC ratio

A

Less than 70%

74
Q

Difference between Airways Obstruction and Restriction

A

Obstruction : Impaired Ability to fully breathe out

Restriction : Lower Lung capacity

75
Q

Which Main Bronchus is more angled, and therefore which Main Bronchus are objects more likely to get stuck in?

A

Left is more angled

Objects more likely to get stuck in right

76
Q

Which airway has the largest resistance?

A

Trachea

77
Q

How many layers must gases diffuse to before reaching Haemoglobin

A

7 layers

  1. Alveolar epithelium
  2. Tissue interstitium
  3. Capillary endothelium
  4. Plasma Layer
  5. Red cell membrane
  6. Red cell cytoplasm
  7. Haemoglobin binding

Phase 1 (4 decks)

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