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Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What are Tracts

A

Location of a pathway

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2
Q

What are Commissures

A

Tract connecting one hemisphere to another

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3
Q

What are Lemnisci

A

Narrow strip of fibres

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4
Q

What are Funiculi

A

Cord of nerve fibres

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5
Q

What are Fasiculi

A

Bundle of fibres

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6
Q

What is a Capsule?

A

Sheet of white matter fibres bordering a nucleus of grey matter

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7
Q

What is a column?

A

Longitudinally running fibres separated by other structures

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8
Q

What is Grey Matter composed of?

A

Neurone Cell Bodies and Dendrites

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9
Q

What is the Cortex

A

Outermost layer of the brain consisting of Grey Matter

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10
Q

What are Ganglia

A

Collection of Nerve Cell Bodies outside the CNS

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11
Q

Afferrent Fibres?

A

Take information towards the CNS

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12
Q

Efferent Fibres?

A

Take information away from the CNS

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13
Q

Reticular?

A

Collection of Grey and White Matter

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14
Q

Rostral

A

Towards the nose

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15
Q

Caudal

A

Towards the tail

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16
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves

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17
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges

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18
Q

Functions of Grey Matter (3)

A
  1. Control and Command Centre
  2. Receives Sensory Information
  3. Provides Motor Output
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19
Q

What are the Lobes of the Brain (4)

A
  1. ) Frontal
  2. ) Parietal
  3. ) Temporal
  4. ) Occipital
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20
Q

What is the Frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Voluntary movement on opposite side of the body
Intellectual functioning
Basically the logical centre of the brain

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21
Q

What is the Occipital Lobe responsible for?

A

Visual perception

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22
Q

What is the Temporal Lobe Responsible for?

A

Auditory Perception and understanding of spoken word

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23
Q

What is the Parietal Lobe Responsible for?

A

Interpretation of Sensations

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24
Q

What does the White Matter consist of?

A

Axons

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25
Q

What does the Cerebellum do?

A

Co-ordinates movement and balance

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26
Q

What are the branches of the Cerebellum

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

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27
Q

What does the Brain Stem do

A

Autonomic Regulation of the Body

Pathway between Brain and Spinal Cord

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28
Q

What structures does the midbrain contain

A

Tectum ( Superior and Inferior Colliculi)

Cerebral Pendule

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29
Q

What does the Pons do?

A

Control of breathing

Relays information

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30
Q

What does the Medulla do?

A

Control of breathing, heart and blood circulation

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31
Q

Difference between UMN and LMN

A

UMN connects to LMN, whereas LMN always connects to Muscle

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32
Q

What cell produces Myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrites

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33
Q

What cell produces Myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann Cell

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34
Q

What do Dendrites do?

A

Receive input

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35
Q

When are neurones mainly formed?

A

During Brain Development

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of synapse

A

Chemical

Electrical

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37
Q

What are electrical synapses involved in

A

Control of Breathing

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38
Q

Where are synapses mainly found

A

Dendritic Spines

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39
Q

What is Neural Plasticity

A

Changing of the composition of the neurones

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40
Q

Difference in terms of transmission between UMN and Striated Interneurones

A

UMN : Large, Excitatory, Glutamgergic

Striated Interneurones : Small, Inhibitory

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41
Q

What are Glia?

A

Non neuronal cells

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42
Q

What does the myelin sheath allow?

A

Saltatory Conduction

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43
Q

Composition of the Myelin Sheath?

A

70% Lipid

30% Protein

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44
Q

Why does White Matter have a whiteish colour

A

Lipid in Myelin sheath

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45
Q

what are the macrophages of the CNS called

A

Microglia

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46
Q

Where do Microglia originate from

A

yolk sac

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47
Q

What do Microglia do when resting and when active

A

Resting : Scan

Active : Phagocytose

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48
Q

What process are Microglia involved in?

A

synaptic plasticity

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49
Q

What do Astrocytes do? (4)

A

Structure of the Brain
Envelope synapses
Homeostasis
Metabolic support

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50
Q

Name 2 specific types of Astroctye

A

Muller Glia

Bergmann Glia

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51
Q

What is a collection of cell bodies and supporting cells in PNS called

A

Ganglia

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52
Q

What is the Blood- Brain barrier formed by (3)

A

Endothelial cells
Astrocytes
Pericytes

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53
Q

What cells produce CSF and where are they located

A

Ependymal cells

Choroid Plexus

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54
Q

How are Muscles innervated

A

Each fibre is innervated by one nerve

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55
Q

How many muscle fibres does a neurone innervate

A

Numerous.

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56
Q

What are Muscle Spindles

A

Sensory receptors that detect change in length of muscle fibres

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57
Q

What are proprioceptors

A

Specialised sensory receptors that detect the position of fibres

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58
Q

What are proprioceptors sensitive to?

A

tension and pressure

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59
Q

What does it mean to be neurogenic?

A

Muscle fibre must be activated by Motor Neurone

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60
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

ONE motor neurone, and all the fibres that it innervates

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61
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibres, and what is the difference between them

A

Fast Twitch - Prone to Fatigue but stronger contraction

Slow Twitch - Oxidative, resists fatigue

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62
Q

What does the Somatic NS do?

A

Communicates with external environment

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63
Q

What does the Autonomic NS do?

A

Maintains internal bodily systems

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64
Q

What does the Dorsal Root do?

A

Receives Sensory Information and sends this to the CNS (Afferent Fibres)

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65
Q

What does the Ventral Root do?

A

Sends motor information to effectors (Efferent Fibres)

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66
Q

What are the 3 division of the Brain

A

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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67
Q

What are the components of the Forebrain

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

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68
Q

What are the main components of the Telencephalon

A

Basal Ganglia

Limbic System

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69
Q

What does the Basal Ganglia do

A

Motor Functions

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70
Q

What is the Limbic system involved in

71
Q

What are the components of the Limbic System and what are their functions (6 + 5)

A
  1. ) Amygdala - association of sensory stimuli with emotion
  2. ) Hippocampus - Long Term memory
  3. ) Cingulate Gyrus - Motivation
  4. ) Mammilary Bodies - Recollective memory formation
  5. ) Septum - Aggression
  6. ) Fornix
72
Q

What are the components of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

73
Q

What does the Thalamus do

A

Relays signals to Cortex and Limbic System

74
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do

A

Regulates Pituitary Gland

Hormonal Control

75
Q

What are the components of the Hindbrain

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

76
Q

What is the Myelencephalon

77
Q

What is the Melencephallon

A

Pons/Cerebellum

78
Q

What does the Medulla do (2)

A

Autonomic control

Maintenance of Muscle tone

79
Q

What does the Pons do (2)

A

Connects the Cortex to the Cerebellum

Pattern generation for activities such as walking

80
Q

What does the Cerebellum do

A

Motor Coordination

81
Q

What are the components of Midbrain (2)

A

Tetcum

Tegmentum

82
Q

What is the Tectum involved in

A

Visuospatial Awarness

83
Q

What are the components of the Tectum and what do they do (2)

A

Superior Colliculi - Sensitive to sensory change

Inferior Colliculi - Sensitive to Audiotory Change

84
Q

What are the structures of the Tegmentum (3) and what do they do

A

Periaqueductal Gray - Defensive Behaviour/ Analgesia
Red Nucleus - Precortical Motor Control
Substansia Nigra - Basal Ganglia input

85
Q

Why is the Brain comprised of a hierarchy of Systems

A

Systems that increase in complexity of actions

86
Q

What is the least complicated system?

A

Spinal Cord

87
Q

What is the most complicated system

A

Frontal Cortex

88
Q

How many extra ocular muscles are there

89
Q

what are the names of the extra ocular muscles?

A 
levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus 
inferior oblique 
superior oblique
90
Q

What categories can the eye muscles be split into and what muscles are in these groups

A

Responsible for eye movement - Rectii and Oblique

Responsible for Superior eyelid movement - Lev. Palebrae Superioris

91
Q

What is the action of Superior Rectus

A

Pulls eye up AND MEDIALLY AND ROTATES

92
Q

what is the function of inferior rectus

A

Pulls eye down, MEDIALLY AND ROTATES

93
Q

What is the function of Medial Rectus

94
Q

What is the function of Lateral Rectus

95
Q

Rotation of the eye towards the nose is called

96
Q

Rotation of the eye away from the nose is called

97
Q

What does Superior Oblique do?

A

Pulls posterior aspect of eye up, therefore moving the iris down and in

98
Q

What does Inferior Oblique do

A

Pulls posterior aspect of eye down, therefore moving the eye up and out

99
Q

What are the functions of the semicircular canals (2)

A

Hearing

Acceleration

100
Q

How many semicircular canals are there?

A

3

Lateral
Anterior
Posterior

101
Q

What is the fluid found inside the semicircular canal called

102
Q

What is the structure called within the semicircular canal that is responsible foe detecting acceleration

103
Q

What is the innervation of the Orbital Muscles

A 
Lateral Rectus - Abducens - CN 6 
Inferior Rectus - CN 3 - Oculomotor
Superior Rectus - CN 3
Medial Rectus - CN 3
Inferior Oblique - CN 3
Superior Oblique - CN 7
Levator Palpebrae Superioris - CN 3
104
Q

What is the range of Human Hearing

A

20Hz to 20KHz

105
Q

What are the 4 main components of the auditory system

A

Outer Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear
Central Auditory Pathways

106
Q

What are the components of the outer ear (3)

A

Pinna
Ear Canal
Tympanic Membrane

107
Q

function of the Pinna

A

Directing sound waves towards the ear canal

108
Q

What is the Pinna made out of

109
Q

What does the Tympanic Membrane do

A

Transmits sound waves to middle ear

110
Q

What are the names of the bones of the Middle Ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

111
Q

What are the names of the muscles of the Middle Ear

A

Tensor Tympani

Staepedius

112
Q

What important structure used for the equalisation of pressure does the middle ear contain

A

Eustachian Tube

113
Q

What is the role of the Middle Ear

A

Amplification of Vibrations

114
Q

What is the Cochlear Responsible for

115
Q

What is the Labyrinth responsible for

116
Q

What are the structures of the Middle Ear innervated by

A

CN 8 - Vestibulocochlear

117
Q

What special property do the Cochlear Fluids have

A

Ionic

Endolymph K+ Rich
Perilymph Na+ Rich

118
Q

What are the names of the Cochlear Fluids

A

Endoplymph

Perilymph

119
Q

What are the components of the Cochlea

2

A

Basilar Membrane

Organ of Corti

120
Q

What is located within the Organ of Corti

A

Auditory Hair Cells

121
Q

What is the name of the main Inner Hair Cell

A

Sterocilia

122
Q

How is an AP generated in Sterocilia

A

Movement of Sterocilia leads to opening of K+ channels

K+ from Endolymph enters Inner Hair Cell, causing depolarisation

Depolarisation results in the opening of Ca2+ channels

Ca2+ influx leads to the release of Neurotransmitters

123
Q

How is Sterocilia Repolarised

A

K+ removal to Perilymph

124
Q

What do Outer Hair Cells do

A

Alter stiffness of Basilar Membrane to ensure maximal stimulation

125
Q

How does AP get from Ear to Brain

A

Auditory Fibres -> Cochlear Nerve (CN8) -> Central Auditory System

126
Q

What is the Brainstem involved in in relation to the auditory system

A

Sound Localisation

127
Q

Which neurones help to localise sound

A

MSO (Olive) Neurones

128
Q

What is the route of the Central Auditory Pathway

A

CN8 -> Cochlear Nucleus -> MSO -> Lateral Lemniscus -> Inferior Colliculus

129
Q

What type of Hearing loss is it when the Outer/Middle Ear becomes defective?

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

130
Q

What type of Hearing Loss is it when Inner Ear becomes defective?

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

131
Q

What is the Autonomic NS responsible for?

A

Involuntary actions
Smooth Muscle contraction
Fight to Flight

132
Q

Which NS is more complicated?

A

Autonomic - More neurones than Somatic NS

133
Q

Differences between Somatic NS and Autonomic NS?

A

Autonomic:

Synapses first within there CNS, and then again outside the CNS

Has Preganglionic and Postganglionic fibres

Innervates Smooth Muscle

Can be inhibitory or stimulatory

Comes from the brain AND SPINAL CORD

Preganglionic fibres use ACh; Postganglionic fibres use ACh for inhibitory, and Noradrenaline for stimulatory

Somatic:

does not synapse once left the CNS

Innervates Skeletal Muscle

Is always excitatory

Only comes from the Spinal Cord

Its Neurotrasnmitter is ACh

134
Q

What are the 2 parts of the ANS

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

135
Q

What is the difference between the postganglionic fibres of the ANS and the fibres of the Somatic NS

A

Postganglionic fibres of ANS are unmyelinated

136
Q

What are the origins of the parasympathetic NS

A

CN 10 - Vagus
CN 9 - Glossopharyngeal
CN 7 - Facial
CN 3 - Oculomotor

S2
S3
S4

1973

137
Q

What are the origins of the Sympathetic NS

138
Q

What receptor does the Sympathetic NS act on

A

Nicotinic Receptors

139
Q

What receptor does the Parasympathetic NS act on

A

Nicotinic (Preganglion)

Muscarinic (Postganglionic)

140
Q

Anatomical differences between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic NS?

A

Sympathetic NS has shorter preganglionic fibres

141
Q

How many coats does the eye have

142
Q

What are the names of the coats of the eye

A

Outer
Middle (uvea)
Inner

143
Q

What structures are found within the Outer coat of the eye

A

Cornea

Sclera

144
Q

What is the function of the Cornea

A

Transmission of light

Refraction

145
Q

What is the function of the Sclera

A

Protection

146
Q

What is contained within the middle coat of the eye

A

Iris
Cilliary Bodies
Choroid

147
Q

What is the function of the Iris

A

Controls the size of the pupil

148
Q

Which muscle makes the pupil smaller and what NS controls this

A

Sphincter Muscle

Parasympathetic

149
Q

Which muscle makes the pupil larger and what NS controls this

A

Dilator Muscles

Sympathetic

150
Q

What is the function of the ciliary bodies

A

Contains glandular epithelium which secretes Aqueous Humour

151
Q

What does Aqueous Humour do

A

Maintains intraocular pressure

152
Q

What does the Choroid of the eye do

153
Q

What is contained within the inner coat of the eye

A

Retina

Macula

154
Q

What is the function of the Retina

A

Produces Vitreous Humour

Centres light on Fovea

Specialised for Visual Acuity

155
Q

What is the area surrounding the Fovea called

156
Q

What is contained within the Macula

A

Cone cells

157
Q

What is the function of Rod cells

A

Visual perception in DIM LIGHTING

High sensitvity to light

158
Q

What is the function of Cone cells

A

Colour vision

159
Q

Blood supply to the eye?

A

Internal Carotid

  • Ophthalmic Artery
  • Ethmoid Artery

External Carotid

160
Q

Where is information from the eye transmitted to?

A

Primary Visual Cortex

161
Q

Where is the Primary Visual Cortex found

A

Occipital Lobe

162
Q

What surrounds the Primary Visual Cortex

A

Visual Association Cortex

163
Q

Fibres from Nasal Portion of the Retina carry what visual field?

A

Temporal Visual Field

164
Q

Fibres from the Temporal Portion of the Retina carry what Visual Field

A

Nasal Visual Field

165
Q

What is a Motor Pool

A

All the motor neurones that innervate a single muscle

166
Q

What detects Muscle Tension

A

Golgi Tendon Organs

167
Q

What detects Muscle Stretch

A

Muscle Spindle

168
Q

Difference between Intrafusal and Extrafusal Muscle fibres?

A

Intrafusal Muscle Fibres detect Lengthening

Extrafusal Fibres Muscle Fibres

169
Q

How does Intrafusal Muscle length

A

Resets Muscle length

170
Q

What motor fibres innervate Intrafusal Muscle Fibres

A

Gamma Motor Neurones

171
Q

What Sherringtons Law

A

As one muscle contracts, its antagonist partner will relax.

172
Q

What type of information is collected at the Dorsal Horn

173
Q

What kind of information is collected at the ventral horn

Phase 1 (4 decks)

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