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Phase 1 > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main components of the circulatory system

A
  1. ) Plasma (55%)

2. ) Cellular components (45%) (WBC + RBC)

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2
Q

What is Haematocrit?

A

% of total blood volume that is erythrocytes

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3
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The fluid component of the blood that contains Proteins such as Albumin, CLOTTING FACTORS such as Fibrinogen, and nutrients

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4
Q

What is included in the cellular component of blood?

A
  1. ) Eryhthrocytes
  2. ) Platelets
  3. ) Leucocytes
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5
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White Blood Cells

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
T+B cells
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6
Q

What is Serum?

A

Plasma with Clotting Factors removed

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7
Q

Where do all blood cells descend from?

A

Multipotent Haematopoietic Stem Cells

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8
Q

What is the precursor to Lymphocytes?

A

Bone Marrow Precursor Lymphocytes

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9
Q

What is the precursor cell for every blood cell except lymphocytes

A

Blast Cells

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10
Q

Where are Erythrocytes produced in the Adult?

A

Bone Marrow in Axial Skeleton

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11
Q

Where are Erythrocytes produced in the foetus?

A

Yolk Sac
Liver
Spleen

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12
Q

What is the average lifespan of a RBC and where are they removed?

A

120 days

The Spleen

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13
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

Most Numerous WBC

Phagocytose

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14
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Kill Parasites

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15
Q

What do Basophils do?

A

Involved in Inflammation via the secretion of Histamine

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16
Q

What do Monocytes do?

A

Regulate the Immune Response via secretion of Cytokines

Give way to Macrophages

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17
Q

What do Macrophages do?

A

Engulf and Ingest

Antigen Presentation

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18
Q

What do T+B cells do

A

Specific Immune Response

Antibody Production

19
Q

What are the Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

20
Q

What are the Agranulocytes

A

T+B Lymphocytes

Monocytes

21
Q

What is the main factor that influences blood flow?

A

Pressure

22
Q

What are the 2 circulations

A

Pulmonary

Systemic

23
Q

Stages of the Microcirculation

A

Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins

24
Q

What is Preload?

A

End Diastolic Volume

25
Q

What is Afterload?

A

Pressure in the Aorta that the LV must overcome in order too pump blood around the body

26
Q

Blood flow is from regions of …. to regions of ….

A

Higher Pressure to Lower Pressure

27
Q

Equation for Force of contraction?

A

Change in Pressure/ Resistance

28
Q

Forces is Directly Proportional to…

A

Change in Pressure

29
Q

Force is indirectly proportional to…

A

Resistance

30
Q

What is the main variable that impacts resistance in blood vessels

A

Diameter of Blood Vessels

31
Q

What do Gap Junctions do?

A

Allow action potentials to pass between myocytes

32
Q

What triggers contraction of Cardiac Muscle?

A

Depolarisation of Myocyte plasma membrane

33
Q

Where does the initial depolarisation in the heart occur?

A

SA Node

34
Q

Why is the SA node referred to as the ‘Pacemaker of the Heart”

A

Initial depolarisation occurs there

35
Q

Sequences of Cardiac Depolarisation

A

SA Node -> Atrial Contraction -> Internodal Pathways -> AV node -> Bundle of His -> L/R Bundle Branches -> Purkinje Fibres -> Ventricular Contraction

36
Q

Describe what happens during a Cardiac Myocyte Action Potential?

A
  1. ) Na+ channels open; Na+ moves into the cell causing DEPOLARISATION (causes more Na+ channels to open via + feedback)
  2. ) K+ channels open temporarily, causing momentary repolarisation
  3. ) Ca++ channels open, balancing out the K+ lost out of the plasma membrane, causing a PLATEAU
  4. ) Ca++ channels close, whilst more K+ channels open -> REPOLARISATION
37
Q

Describe the Action Potential in Nodal Cells?

A
  1. ) K+ channels close at a - voltage
  2. ) Ca++ and Na+ channels open at - voltage, causing PACEMAKER POTENTIAL - gradual depolarisation
  3. ) Once a threshold value has been reached, Ca++ channels open, depolarising the cell and causing an AP
  4. ) K+ channels open and Ca++ channels close, leading to the formation of a Pacemaker Potential Again
38
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial Depolarisation

39
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular Depolarisation

Atrial Repolarisation

40
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular Repolarisation

41
Q

Describe the Process by which Cardiac Muscle Contracts? (Excitation- Contraction Coupling)

A
  1. ) Na+/K+ pump keeps resting potential
  2. ) Na+ channels open, depolarising the cell
  3. ) Depolarisation causes Voltage-Gated Ca++ cells to open, causing Ca++ to enter the cell
  4. ) Ca++ entry causes Ryanodine Receptors to release more Ca++ into the SR
  5. ) Ca++ binds to Troponin, causing a conformational change in the shape of Troponin, which results in the movement of Tropomyosin away from the Actin-Myosin binding sites
  6. ) Actin- Myosin cross bridges formed, resulting in muscle contraction
  7. ) Ca++ is removed back into Ryanodine Receptors by Ca++/ATPase
42
Q

What are Ryanodine Receptors?

A

Ca++ gated Ca++ stores found in the SR

43
Q

What removes Ca++ from the SR following muscle contraction

A

Ca++/ATPase

44
Q

How can the strength of cardiac muscle contraction be increased?

A

Increased concentration of Ca++ in Cytosol

Phase 1 (4 decks)

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