Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
paired cartilages
A
arytenoid
corniculate
cuniciform
2
Q
unpaired cartilages
A
thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid
3
Q
what artery supplies the tissue of bronchi & bronchiole
A
bronchial artery
4
Q
origination of bronchial artery
A
thoracic aorta
5
Q
6 muscles of inspiration
A
pec minor serratus ant external intercosal scalenes diaphragm sternocloidomastoid
6
Q
3 muscles of expiration
A
internal intercostal
rectus abdominalis
transverse thoracis
7
Q
Boyles law
A
pV= nRT
8
Q
2 reasons for lung collapse
A
- elastic recoil
2. surface tension
9
Q
which cells secrete surfactant
A
type 2
10
Q
function of surfactant
A
reduced surface tension - stops alveolar walls from collapsing
11
Q
what is used to measure flow of air in and out of lungs
A
spirometer
12
Q
what is residual volume
A
vol of air left in lungs after breathing out as much as you can (expiratory reserve vol)
13
Q
what is vital capacity
A
insp + exp reserve vol + tidal vol
14
Q
functional residual capacity
A
vol of air left in lungs after inspiring
15
Q
function of apneustic centre?
A
stimulate inspiratory centre
16
Q
function of pneumotaxic centre?
A
inhibits inspiratory centre & apneustic
17
Q
in the hering breuer reflex, which nerve sends AP to the medulla oblongata?
A
vagus
18
Q
term for high pressure of CO2
A
hypercapnia
19
Q
why do males have a higher RBC count>
A
testosterone stimulates erythropoiten which stimulets RBC production
20
Q
where are RBC produced?
A
red bone marrow
21
Q
2 tyypes of cells pluripotent stem cells form into
A
- lymhoid stem cells
2. myeloid stem cells
22
Q
formation of RBC (erythocytes)
A
myeloid CFu-E Proerythroblast reticulocyte (remove nucleus) RBC
23
Q
formation of platelets (thrombocytes)
A
myeloid CFU-meg megakaryoblast megakaryocyte platelet
24
Q
myeloid stem cells produce only granular leukocytes - except which one?
A
monocytes
25
where do monocytes become macrophages/
in tissue
26
how may kidney failure affect RBC production?
less erthyropoitein, less RBC being formed - anaemia
27
what does carboamino Hb carry?
NO for vasodilation
28
explain function of carbonic anhydrase
CO2 + H2O= H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
then dissociates into HCO3- (bicarb) + H+
29
why cant RBC repair themselves?
no organelles
30
hormone for clotting stimulation
thrombopoitin
31
haemostasis
stopping flow of blood
32
function of aspirin in clotting
prevents clotting - prevents secretion of ADP & thromboxone a2
33
when does fibrinolysis occur?
when the wound is healed and the fibrin mesh needs to be removed
34
what germ layer is the trachea made from?
endodermal
35
function of type 1 alveolar cells
gas exchange
36
where does the oropharyngeal membrane develop?
anterior embryo
37
where does the cloacal membrane develop?
posterior embryo
38
3 sections of primitive gut
foregut
midgut
hindgut
39
how many divisions of the tertiary bronchi are needed to form the bronchioles?
17
40
how many divisions of the bronchioles post-natally?
6
41
which germ cell layer forms the pleura?
mesoderm
42
what stimulates surfactant production?
glucocorticoids
43
describe Hb molecule
4 globin chain - 2 alpha, 2 beta
each chain has a heme group
each heme group has a Fe
Fe takes up O2
44
what hormone is released when PO2 is low? and form where?
erythropoiten - kidney
45
describe oxygen diffusion gradient
from high O2 to low O2
46
where does O2 bind with Hb?
lungs
47
where does O2 dissociated with Hb?
tissues
48
what causes the bohr efffect - right shift?
```
low pH
greater [H+] and CO2
H+ binds to Hb
causes conformational shape change - makes O2 less able to bind
affinity for O2 decreases
```
49
what effect does increased temp have on the oxygen dissociation curve?
shift to right
50
who has high BGP in their blood
people who live in high altitudes
51
what effect does BGP have on Hb
lower affinity for oxyegn
52
describe RBC in those who have a high BGP blood?
more RBC
53
3 ways CO2 transported?
1. blood plasma
2. blood proteins
3. bicarbonate form
54
explain tranportation of CO2 with blood proteins
CO2+ carboamino compounds = carboaminohaemoglobin
55
what is the haldane effect
when Hb has a higher affinity for CO2 when O2 has dissociated
56
what is the chloride shift?
when Cl- moves from the blood into erthryocytes when HCO3- moves into the blood to balance the electrical charges
57
what breaks down pathogens in the digestive tract?
low pH, pepsin
58
what occurs during coughing?
1. closure of epiglottis & vocal cords
2. forceful contraction of ab muscles
3. opening of epi + VC
4. forced expulsion of air under pressure
59
what is an obstructive lung disease?
narrowing of air passage
60
what is a restrictive lung disease?
loss of lung compliance
61
3 examples of obstructive lung disease
- asthma
- bronchitis
- emphysema
62
what type of resp disease is pulmonary fibrosis
restrictive airway disease
63
why can poor ventilation increase risk of infection?
less blood - lesss WBC
64
2 examples of lower resp tract infections?
pneumonia & TB
65
what occurs to the bronchial muscles during asthma?
they contract - bronchospasm as ir is difficult for air to reach the lungs
66
how does smoking cause COPD
nicotine causes alveolar macrophages to secrete elastase which breaks down elastin - decreasing elasticity of lungs.
67
what is elastase inhibited by?
serine protease inhibiter alpha1 antitrypsin
68
what is anatomical dead space?
areas where gas exchange doesnt occur
69
severity of obstructive lung disease if FEV1 <50% predicted?
severe
70
what occurs in pulmonary fibrosis?
elastic tissue is replaced with inelastic tissue
71
precursor cell of neutrophil
myeloblast
72
main difference between red & yellow bone marrow
red is vascularised, yellow is fatty
73
what does bacteria break bilirubin into?
urobilinogen
74
name of bilirubin component in faeces
stercobilin
75
name of bilirubin component in urine
urobilin
76
what is Fe carried with in the blood + why?
transferrin - as it is toxic on its own
77
what hormone does hypoxia stimulate?
erthyropoitein
78
mast cell function
does everything; inflammation, recruitment - it is prev a basophil
79
macrophage function
engluf
80
monocyte function
develops into a macrophage in the tissue
81
where are monocytes stored?
spleen
82
neutrophil function
1st responder - phagocytic
83
basophil function
inflammation
84
eosinophil function
parasites
85
what do B cells attack against
Bacteria
86
what do T cells attack against
fungi + virus
87
function of plasminogen in fibrinolysis
1. broken down into plasmin via thrombin
| 2. plasmin then inactivates fibrinogen, prothrombin and factors
88
where are the pharyngeal tonsils?
nasopharynx
89
main transport of CO2
bicarbonate
90
which nerve does carotid bodies send stimulus through?
glossopharyngeal nerve
91
which nerve does aortic bodies send stimulus through?>
vagus
92
in neutrophil migration what 2 proteins attach to it?
1. L-selectin; slow down
| 2. integrin
93
what is the hering breuer inflation reflex?
stretching bronchi wall
94
what is vital capacity?
air left in lungs after inspiration
95
in platelet plugging, what occurs in adhesion?
attach to vWF and then integrin
96
in platelet plugging, what occurs in secretion?
secretion of ADP + thromboxane a2
97
what activates plasminogen? into what?
thrombin- plasmin
98
2 functions of plasmin
1. digest fibrin wall
| 2. inactivates prothrombin etc.
