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CRR Respiratory > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

paired cartilages

A

arytenoid
corniculate
cuniciform

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2
Q

unpaired cartilages

A

thyroid
epiglottis
cricoid

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3
Q

what artery supplies the tissue of bronchi & bronchiole

A

bronchial artery

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4
Q

origination of bronchial artery

A

thoracic aorta

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5
Q

6 muscles of inspiration

A 
pec minor 
serratus ant
external intercosal 
scalenes 
diaphragm 
sternocloidomastoid
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6
Q

3 muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostal
rectus abdominalis
transverse thoracis

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7
Q

Boyles law

A

pV= nRT

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8
Q

2 reasons for lung collapse

A
  1. elastic recoil

2. surface tension

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9
Q

which cells secrete surfactant

A

type 2

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10
Q

function of surfactant

A

reduced surface tension - stops alveolar walls from collapsing

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11
Q

what is used to measure flow of air in and out of lungs

A

spirometer

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12
Q

what is residual volume

A

vol of air left in lungs after breathing out as much as you can (expiratory reserve vol)

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13
Q

what is vital capacity

A

insp + exp reserve vol + tidal vol

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14
Q

functional residual capacity

A

vol of air left in lungs after inspiring

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15
Q

function of apneustic centre?

A

stimulate inspiratory centre

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16
Q

function of pneumotaxic centre?

A

inhibits inspiratory centre & apneustic

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17
Q

in the hering breuer reflex, which nerve sends AP to the medulla oblongata?

A

vagus

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18
Q

term for high pressure of CO2

A

hypercapnia

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19
Q

why do males have a higher RBC count>

A

testosterone stimulates erythropoiten which stimulets RBC production

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20
Q

where are RBC produced?

A

red bone marrow

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21
Q

2 tyypes of cells pluripotent stem cells form into

A
  1. lymhoid stem cells

2. myeloid stem cells

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22
Q

formation of RBC (erythocytes)

A 
myeloid 
CFu-E
Proerythroblast 
reticulocyte (remove nucleus)
RBC
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23
Q

formation of platelets (thrombocytes)

A 
myeloid 
CFU-meg
megakaryoblast 
megakaryocyte
platelet
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24
Q

myeloid stem cells produce only granular leukocytes - except which one?

A

monocytes

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25
Q

where do monocytes become macrophages/

A

in tissue

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26
Q

how may kidney failure affect RBC production?

A

less erthyropoitein, less RBC being formed - anaemia

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27
Q

what does carboamino Hb carry?

A

NO for vasodilation

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28
Q

explain function of carbonic anhydrase

A

CO2 + H2O= H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

then dissociates into HCO3- (bicarb) + H+

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29
Q

why cant RBC repair themselves?

A

no organelles

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30
Q

hormone for clotting stimulation

A

thrombopoitin

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31
Q

haemostasis

A

stopping flow of blood

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32
Q

function of aspirin in clotting

A

prevents clotting - prevents secretion of ADP & thromboxone a2

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33
Q

when does fibrinolysis occur?

A

when the wound is healed and the fibrin mesh needs to be removed

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34
Q

what germ layer is the trachea made from?

A

endodermal

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35
Q

function of type 1 alveolar cells

A

gas exchange

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36
Q

where does the oropharyngeal membrane develop?

A

anterior embryo

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37
Q

where does the cloacal membrane develop?

A

posterior embryo

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38
Q

3 sections of primitive gut

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

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39
Q

how many divisions of the tertiary bronchi are needed to form the bronchioles?

A

17

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40
Q

how many divisions of the bronchioles post-natally?

A

6

41
Q

which germ cell layer forms the pleura?

A

mesoderm

42
Q

what stimulates surfactant production?

A

glucocorticoids

43
Q

describe Hb molecule

A

4 globin chain - 2 alpha, 2 beta
each chain has a heme group
each heme group has a Fe
Fe takes up O2

44
Q

what hormone is released when PO2 is low? and form where?

A

erythropoiten - kidney

45
Q

describe oxygen diffusion gradient

A

from high O2 to low O2

46
Q

where does O2 bind with Hb?

A

lungs

47
Q

where does O2 dissociated with Hb?

A

tissues

48
Q

what causes the bohr efffect - right shift?

A 
low pH
greater [H+] and CO2 
H+ binds to Hb
causes conformational shape change - makes O2 less able to bind 
affinity for O2 decreases
49
Q

what effect does increased temp have on the oxygen dissociation curve?

A

shift to right

50
Q

who has high BGP in their blood

A

people who live in high altitudes

51
Q

what effect does BGP have on Hb

A

lower affinity for oxyegn

52
Q

describe RBC in those who have a high BGP blood?

A

more RBC

53
Q

3 ways CO2 transported?

A
  1. blood plasma
  2. blood proteins
  3. bicarbonate form
54
Q

explain tranportation of CO2 with blood proteins

A

CO2+ carboamino compounds = carboaminohaemoglobin

55
Q

what is the haldane effect

A

when Hb has a higher affinity for CO2 when O2 has dissociated

56
Q

what is the chloride shift?

A

when Cl- moves from the blood into erthryocytes when HCO3- moves into the blood to balance the electrical charges

57
Q

what breaks down pathogens in the digestive tract?

A

low pH, pepsin

58
Q

what occurs during coughing?

A
  1. closure of epiglottis & vocal cords
  2. forceful contraction of ab muscles
  3. opening of epi + VC
  4. forced expulsion of air under pressure
59
Q

what is an obstructive lung disease?

A

narrowing of air passage

60
Q

what is a restrictive lung disease?

A

loss of lung compliance

61
Q

3 examples of obstructive lung disease

A
  • asthma
  • bronchitis
  • emphysema
62
Q

what type of resp disease is pulmonary fibrosis

A

restrictive airway disease

63
Q

why can poor ventilation increase risk of infection?

A

less blood - lesss WBC

64
Q

2 examples of lower resp tract infections?

A

pneumonia & TB

65
Q

what occurs to the bronchial muscles during asthma?

A

they contract - bronchospasm as ir is difficult for air to reach the lungs

66
Q

how does smoking cause COPD

A

nicotine causes alveolar macrophages to secrete elastase which breaks down elastin - decreasing elasticity of lungs.

67
Q

what is elastase inhibited by?

A

serine protease inhibiter alpha1 antitrypsin

68
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

areas where gas exchange doesnt occur

69
Q

severity of obstructive lung disease if FEV1 <50% predicted?

A

severe

70
Q

what occurs in pulmonary fibrosis?

A

elastic tissue is replaced with inelastic tissue

71
Q

precursor cell of neutrophil

A

myeloblast

72
Q

main difference between red & yellow bone marrow

A

red is vascularised, yellow is fatty

73
Q

what does bacteria break bilirubin into?

A

urobilinogen

74
Q

name of bilirubin component in faeces

A

stercobilin

75
Q

name of bilirubin component in urine

A

urobilin

76
Q

what is Fe carried with in the blood + why?

A

transferrin - as it is toxic on its own

77
Q

what hormone does hypoxia stimulate?

A

erthyropoitein

78
Q

mast cell function

A

does everything; inflammation, recruitment - it is prev a basophil

79
Q

macrophage function

A

engluf

80
Q

monocyte function

A

develops into a macrophage in the tissue

81
Q

where are monocytes stored?

A

spleen

82
Q

neutrophil function

A

1st responder - phagocytic

83
Q

basophil function

A

inflammation

84
Q

eosinophil function

A

parasites

85
Q

what do B cells attack against

A

Bacteria

86
Q

what do T cells attack against

A

fungi + virus

87
Q

function of plasminogen in fibrinolysis

A
  1. broken down into plasmin via thrombin

2. plasmin then inactivates fibrinogen, prothrombin and factors

88
Q

where are the pharyngeal tonsils?

A

nasopharynx

89
Q

main transport of CO2

A

bicarbonate

90
Q

which nerve does carotid bodies send stimulus through?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

91
Q

which nerve does aortic bodies send stimulus through?>

A

vagus

92
Q

in neutrophil migration what 2 proteins attach to it?

A
  1. L-selectin; slow down

2. integrin

93
Q

what is the hering breuer inflation reflex?

A

stretching bronchi wall

94
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

air left in lungs after inspiration

95
Q

in platelet plugging, what occurs in adhesion?

A

attach to vWF and then integrin

96
Q

in platelet plugging, what occurs in secretion?

A

secretion of ADP + thromboxane a2

97
Q

what activates plasminogen? into what?

A

thrombin- plasmin

98
Q

2 functions of plasmin

A
  1. digest fibrin wall

2. inactivates prothrombin etc.

CRR Respiratory (3 decks)

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