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CRR Respiratory > 8. Gas Exchange and Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood > Flashcards

8. Gas Exchange and Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760mmHg

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2
Q

% of Nitrogen in atmosphere

A

79%

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3
Q

% of oxygen in atmosphere

A

21%

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4
Q

% of CO2 in atmosphere

A

0.03%

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5
Q

definition of partial pressure

A

total pressure exerted by each gas

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6
Q

how to calculate partial pressure

A

% of total pressure in the air x total atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

where does oxygen diffuse into the blood?

A

alveoli

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8
Q

name of law which explains equilibrium needed for gasses into liquid

A

Henry’s law

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9
Q

which 2 factors affect the equilibrium reached for gasses to change into liquid

A
  1. partial pressure of gas

2. solubility coefficient

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10
Q

definition for gas conc.

A

partial pressure x solubility coefficient

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11
Q

which is more soluble in water (O2 or CO2) and why?

A

CO2 as it has a higher solubility coefficient

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12
Q

another name for the rapture of the deep

A

nitrogen narcosis

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13
Q

what solubility coefficient does nitrogen have?

A

very low

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14
Q

describe the pressure underwater

A

increases as you go more deeper

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15
Q

what occurs to the pressure of nitrogen when the total pressure increases?

A

increases considerably

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16
Q

effect of increased pressure of nitrogen on the body

A

increased diffusion of nitrogen into the blood

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17
Q

when does decompression sickness occur?

A

when the diver comes to the surface of the water - rapid changes from high to low pressure

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18
Q

what occurs in terms of nitrogen in decompression sickness?

A

nitrogen gas comes out of the blood

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19
Q

what are formed in decompression sickness?

A

bubbles in the tissues

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20
Q

symptoms of decompression sickness

A

fatigue, joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, unconsiousness, paralysis

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21
Q

what are the severity of the symptoms of DS dependent on?

A

the number of bubbles formed

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22
Q

treatment for decompression sickness

A

hyberbaric oxgentaion/ decompression chamber

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23
Q

how does a decompression chamber treat decompression sickness?

A

reduces the size of bubbles formed

24
Q

what occurs during hyperbaric oxygenation?

A

oxygen partial pressure is increased to 3-4 atmospheres in a chamber- allowing increased diffusion of oxygen into blood

25
Q

what is a gas embolism?

A

blockage of a blood vessel by a bubble of gas

26
Q

what conditions does hyperbaric oxygenation treat?

A
  • Bacterial diseases
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Gas embolisms
  • Bone infections
  • Smoke inhalation
  • Near drowning
  • Circulatory problems
27
Q

what 2 specific bacterial diseases does hyperbaric oxygenation treat? and why?

A
  1. gangrene
  2. tetanus
    as these are anaerobic
28
Q

6 components of the respiratory membrane

A

alveoli

  1. fluid lining alveoli
  2. squamous epithelial cells
  3. epithelial basement membrane
  4. interstitial space

capillary

  1. basement membrane endothelium
  2. endothelium
29
Q

4 factors affecting diffusion of gases across respiratory membrane

A
  1. thickness of membrane
  2. partial pressure difference
  3. surface area
  4. diffusion coefficient
30
Q

thin membrane. Increase or decreased diffusion?

A

increase

31
Q

low diffusion coefficient.Increase or decreased diffusion?

A

decrease

32
Q

large Surface area. Increase or decreased diffusion?

A

increase

33
Q

bigger difference between partial pressures across the membrane. Increase or decreased diffusion?

A

increase

34
Q

when can the thickness of the resp membrane increase?

A

disease

35
Q

diffusion coefficient of oxygen?

A

1

36
Q

diffusion coefficient of CO2?

A

20

37
Q

which has a higher PO2? alveoli or alveolar capillary?

A

alveoli

38
Q

which has a higher PCO2? alveoli or alveolar capillary?

A

alveolar capillary

39
Q

what can change the pressure of oxygen in alveoli?

A

increased ventilation

40
Q

what is ventilation?

A

oxygenated air reaching a certain part of an organ

41
Q

what is perfusion?

A

deoxygenated blood reaching a certain part of an organ

42
Q

what is V/Q?

A

the ventilation-perfusion ratio

43
Q

2 factors affecting V/Q

A
  1. ventilation exceeds perfusion

2. perfusion exceeds ventilation

44
Q

what circumstance occurs as a result of heart failure?

A

ventilation exceeds perfusion

45
Q

what is shunted blood?

A

blood which is partially oxygenated - not fully saturated

46
Q

what two bloods mix together during a physiological shunt?

A

deoxygenated blood (general) with deoxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries

47
Q

how much blood pumped from the heart is a result of physiological shunt?

A

2%

48
Q

at rest, why is the PO2 in the alveoli low?

A

the lungs are not fully inflated

49
Q

what occurs when the PO2 in the alveoli is low?

A

decreased diffusion due to smaller difference in partial pressures between membranes. this causes the blood to not be fully saturated with oxygen.

50
Q

what does blood flow in different regions of the lungs depend on?>

A

exercise

51
Q

where is the VQ ratio higher?

A

apex of lung

52
Q

when standing, where does most ventilation occur?

A

apex of lungs

53
Q

when standing, where does most perfusion occur? and why?

A

the base of the lungs - due to gravity the blood flows downwards

54
Q

what occurs at the base of the lung in terms of PO2?

A

decreases

55
Q

what occurs at the base of the lung in terms of PCO2?

A

increases

56
Q

the increases PCO2 and decreased PO2 causes what to happen to the arterioles?

A

vasoconstriction - which decreases blood flow to this region

CRR Respiratory (3 decks)

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