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CRR Respiratory > 8. Gas Exchange and Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood > Flashcards

8. Gas Exchange and Carriage of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760mmHg

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2
Q

% of Nitrogen in atmosphere

A

79%

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3
Q

% of oxygen in atmosphere

A

21%

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4
Q

% of CO2 in atmosphere

A

0.03%

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5
Q

definition of partial pressure

A

total pressure exerted by each gas

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6
Q

how to calculate partial pressure

A

% of total pressure in the air x total atmospheric pressure

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7
Q

where does oxygen diffuse into the blood?

A

alveoli

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8
Q

name of law which explains equilibrium needed for gasses into liquid

A

Henry’s law

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9
Q

which 2 factors affect the equilibrium reached for gasses to change into liquid

A
  1. partial pressure of gas

2. solubility coefficient

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10
Q

definition for gas conc.

A

partial pressure x solubility coefficient

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11
Q

which is more soluble in water (O2 or CO2) and why?

A

CO2 as it has a higher solubility coefficient

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12
Q

another name for the rapture of the deep

A

nitrogen narcosis

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13
Q

what solubility coefficient does nitrogen have?

A

very low

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14
Q

describe the pressure underwater

A

increases as you go more deeper

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15
Q

what occurs to the pressure of nitrogen when the total pressure increases?

A

increases considerably

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16
Q

effect of increased pressure of nitrogen on the body

A

increased diffusion of nitrogen into the blood

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17
Q

when does decompression sickness occur?

A

when the diver comes to the surface of the water - rapid changes from high to low pressure

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18
Q

what occurs in terms of nitrogen in decompression sickness?

A

nitrogen gas comes out of the blood

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19
Q

what are formed in decompression sickness?

A

bubbles in the tissues

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20
Q

symptoms of decompression sickness

A

fatigue, joint pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, unconsiousness, paralysis

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21
Q

what are the severity of the symptoms of DS dependent on?

A

the number of bubbles formed

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22
Q

treatment for decompression sickness

A

hyberbaric oxgentaion/ decompression chamber

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23
Q

how does a decompression chamber treat decompression sickness?

A

reduces the size of bubbles formed

24
Q

what occurs during hyperbaric oxygenation?

A

oxygen partial pressure is increased to 3-4 atmospheres in a chamber- allowing increased diffusion of oxygen into blood

25
what is a gas embolism?
blockage of a blood vessel by a bubble of gas
26
what conditions does hyperbaric oxygenation treat?
- Bacterial diseases - Carbon monoxide poisoning - Gas embolisms - Bone infections - Smoke inhalation - Near drowning - Circulatory problems
27
what 2 specific bacterial diseases does hyperbaric oxygenation treat? and why?
1. gangrene 2. tetanus as these are anaerobic
28
6 components of the respiratory membrane
alveoli 1. fluid lining alveoli 2. squamous epithelial cells 3. epithelial basement membrane 4. interstitial space capillary 5. basement membrane endothelium 6. endothelium
29
4 factors affecting diffusion of gases across respiratory membrane
1. thickness of membrane 2. partial pressure difference 3. surface area 4. diffusion coefficient
30
thin membrane. Increase or decreased diffusion?
increase
31
low diffusion coefficient.Increase or decreased diffusion?
decrease
32
large Surface area. Increase or decreased diffusion?
increase
33
bigger difference between partial pressures across the membrane. Increase or decreased diffusion?
increase
34
when can the thickness of the resp membrane increase?
disease
35
diffusion coefficient of oxygen?
1
36
diffusion coefficient of CO2?
20
37
which has a higher PO2? alveoli or alveolar capillary?
alveoli
38
which has a higher PCO2? alveoli or alveolar capillary?
alveolar capillary
39
what can change the pressure of oxygen in alveoli?
increased ventilation
40
what is ventilation?
oxygenated air reaching a certain part of an organ
41
what is perfusion?
deoxygenated blood reaching a certain part of an organ
42
what is V/Q?
the ventilation-perfusion ratio
43
2 factors affecting V/Q
1. ventilation exceeds perfusion | 2. perfusion exceeds ventilation
44
what circumstance occurs as a result of heart failure?
ventilation exceeds perfusion
45
what is shunted blood?
blood which is partially oxygenated - not fully saturated
46
what two bloods mix together during a physiological shunt?
deoxygenated blood (general) with deoxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries
47
how much blood pumped from the heart is a result of physiological shunt?
2%
48
at rest, why is the PO2 in the alveoli low?
the lungs are not fully inflated
49
what occurs when the PO2 in the alveoli is low?
decreased diffusion due to smaller difference in partial pressures between membranes. this causes the blood to not be fully saturated with oxygen.
50
what does blood flow in different regions of the lungs depend on?>
exercise
51
where is the VQ ratio higher?
apex of lung
52
when standing, where does most ventilation occur?
apex of lungs
53
when standing, where does most perfusion occur? and why?
the base of the lungs - due to gravity the blood flows downwards
54
what occurs at the base of the lung in terms of PO2?
decreases
55
what occurs at the base of the lung in terms of PCO2?
increases
56
the increases PCO2 and decreased PO2 causes what to happen to the arterioles?
vasoconstriction - which decreases blood flow to this region

CRR Respiratory (3 decks)

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