Respiratory

Question 1

How long w/o adequate airway and ventilation will brain injury or death occur?

Answer 1

4 minutes

Question 2

What are 5 Basic things to look out for while monitoring and reassessing airway?

Answer 2

Displacement, mucous plugging, equipment failure, or development of pneumothorax.

Question 3

4 Pairs of Sinuses (named for bone they’re attached to)

Answer 3

Ethmoid sinuses, Frontal sinuses, Maxillary sinuses, Sphenoid Sinuses(upper)

Question 4

Functions of sinuses

Answer 4

Assist heating, purifying, and moistening inhaled air.

Trap bacteria etc..

Question 5

What does Fx of Sphenoid cartilage accompany?

Answer 5

CSF leakage from cranial cavity (Drains from nose aka rhinorrhea).

Question 6

Why is Sphenoid cartilage fx dangerous?

Answer 6

Potential transmission of infection from sinuses to brain, etc.

Question 7

Eustachian tubes

Answer 7

Connect ear with nasal cavity and allow for equalization of pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane.

Question 8

Nasolacrimal ducts

Answer 8

drain tears and debris from eyes into nasal cavity.

Question 9

Bony projections in nose

Answer 9

superior, middle, and inferior turbinates, or conchae.

Question 10

Function of conchae in nose

Answer 10

Increase surface area of nasal cavity, cause turbulent flow, which filters air by depositing airborne particles on the mucous membrane, where cilia propel them to back of pharynx, where they are swallowed. (virtually no particles reach the lungs)

Question 11

Temp/humidity of air by the time it reaches lower airway?

Answer 11

37 C (body temperature), 100% humidity

Question 12

How is the tongue connected?

Answer 12

Attaches to mandible and hyoid bone(only fully self suspended bone in body) through muscles and ligaments

Question 13

While assessing airway, what can go wrong with the adenoids, impeding assessment?

Answer 13

They can hypertrophy or swell from infection, impeding view of posterior pharynx.

Question 14

Which vertebrae are posterior to the hypo-pharynx?

Answer 14

3rd and 4th.

Question 15

Arytenoid cartilage

Answer 15

Forms a pyramid shaped attachment for the vocal cords posteriorly, and is an important landmark for ET intubation.

Question 16

Thyrohyoid membrane

Answer 16

Connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage.

Question 17

pyriform fossae

Answer 17

Recesses forming lateral borders of the larynx.

Question 18

How do vocal chords function?

Answer 18

Muscles inside the larynx contract. They can close to prevent foreign bodies from entering the airway.

Question 19

Cricothyroid membrane

Answer 19

connects the inferior thyroid to the superior cricoid cartilage.

Question 20

What does stimulation of the laryngeal membrane cause during intubation?

Answer 20

Can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and decreased respiratory rate.

Question 21

Where does the highly vascular thyroid gland lie?

Answer 21

inferior to the cricoid cartilage. contains 1 lobes on each side of the trachea, connected by isthmus which extends across trachea.

Question 22

Where do carotid arteries lie?

Answer 22

Closely along the trachea.

Question 23

How does the trachea expel foreign particulate

Answer 23

Secretes mucus to trap particles, then cilia moves the mucous upward into the mouth.

Question 24

Surfactant

Answer 24

chemical substance lining alveolar sacs which reduces the surface tension making it easier for the sacs to expand.

Question 25

Atelectasis

Answer 25

Collapse of the alveolar sac which can occur if there isn’t enough surfactant or if alveoli are not inflated. No gas exchange takes place in atelectatic alveoli.

Question 26

Parenchyma

Answer 26

Lung lobes

Question 27

Pleurisy

Answer 27

inflamed pleura, causing significant chest pain with respiration. Common in cigarette smokers.

Question 28

Differences in Pediatric airway

Answer 28

Epiglottis is floppier and rounder, teeth are softer and more fragile. Larynx is more superior and anterior, as well as funnel shaped. Cricoid cartilage is narrowest point(less than 10 years), Ribs are softer and more pliable causing more reliance on diaphragms to breath.

Question 29

Croup

Answer 29

Viral infection causing the soft tissues below glottis to swell.