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Year 2 Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Haemoptosis

A

Coughing up Blood

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2
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae are typical?

A

T2-T8

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3
Q

Which ribs are typical

A

3-9

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4
Q

Intervertebral Joint

A

Secondary cartilaginous, articulations are the superior and inferior facets of the vertebrae

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5
Q

Costovertebral​ Joint

A

synovial plane, head of ribs and bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

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6
Q

Costotransvere Joint

A

synovial plane, facet of rib tubercles and transverse vertebral processses

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7
Q

Sternocostal Joint

A

synovial plane (synchondrosis for 1st), rib and sternal body

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8
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint

A

synovial plane, medial clavicle and manubrium

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9
Q

Costochondral Joint

A

primary cartilaginous, ribs and costal cartilage

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10
Q

Interchondral Joint

A

synovial, (6th-10th rib cartilages)

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11
Q

Manubriosternal Joint

A

secondary cartilaginous, manubrium and sternal body

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12
Q

Xiphisternal Joint

A

primary cartilaginous, sternal body and xiphoid process

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13
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery supply

A

anterior chest wall and breasts

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14
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from

A

the subclavian artery

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15
Q

Where are intercostal nerves made from

A

The ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves

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16
Q

What is shingles caused by

A

human herpesvirus-3 (hhv-3)

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17
Q

What passes through diaphragm at T8

A

Caval opening- IVC, right phrenic nerve

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18
Q

What passes through diaphragm at T10

A

Oesophageal hiatus- oesophagus, anterior and posterior vagal trunks. Passes through left of central tendon

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19
Q

What passes through diaphragm at T12

A

Aortic hiatus- aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct, L + R splanchnic nerves. Passes behind diaphragm

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20
Q

Proportions of diaphragmatic Hernia’s

A

85% posterolateral, 5% anterior (Morgani’s)

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21
Q

Acquired hernias

A

adjacent to oesophageal opening, associated with symptoms of acid reflux

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22
Q

Parietal Pleura innervation

A

somatic, by intercostal and phrenic nerves

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23
Q

Visceral Pleura innervation

A

autonomic innervation

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24
Q

Mesothelioma

A

SOB from reduction of space for lung to expand, compression by tumour and fluid. Asbestos major RF

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25
Q

Tension Pneumothorax

A

Injury to chest wall, acts like a valve. Air drawn in on inspiration and can’t escape. Mediastinal shift away from injury, IVC can become compressed.

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26
Q

Tension Pneumothorax decompression

A

large needle into midclavicular 2nd intercostal space, later chest drain to midaxillary 5th intercostal space. Insertions along superior borders of ribs

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27
Q

Bones of nasal cavity

A

ethmoid, vomer, lacrimal, palatine, maxillary

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28
Q

Nasal Septum

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer and septal cartilage

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29
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary and ethmoid

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30
Q

maxillary sinus innervation

A

anterior, middle and alveolar nerve- branches of maxillary of trigeminal

31
Q

Nasal cavity obstruction

A

polyp, inflammation, deviated septum, foreign body

32
Q

pharynx obstruction

A

foreign body, tonsilar (eg adenoid), obstructive sleep apnoea

33
Q

larynx obstruction

A

foreign body, epiglottis, vocal chords (eg recurrent laryngeal nerve trauma)

34
Q

stertor

A

snoring/gasping, usually pharyngeal blockage

35
Q

stridor

A

scraping sound, normally children, usually laryngeal blockage

36
Q

Nasopharynx

A

nasal cavity to soft palate (base to c1). Contains pharyngeal tonsil

37
Q

Oropharynx

A

soft palate to superior epiglottis border (c1-c3). Contains posterior tongue, palatine and lingual tonsils, super constrictor muscles

38
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

superior epiglottis border to inferior cricoid cartilage. Contains middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors and vocal cords

39
Q

Waldeye’s ring

A

ring of lymph tissue around the pharynx formed by tonsils

40
Q

Vascular supply to the pharynx

A

network of arteries- branches of facial, maxillary, laryngeal and lingual arteries. Drains into the IJV

41
Q

Lymph drainage of the pharynx

A

retropharyngeal and then deep cervical nodes

42
Q

Nervous supply of the pharynx

A

Mainly from pharyngeal plexus- sensory = glossopharyngeal, motor = vagal

43
Q

Extrinsic muscles of larynx

A

move the larynx as a whole

44
Q

Subhyoid group

A

extrinsic muscles, raise the whole larynx

45
Q

Infrahyoid group

A

extrinsic muscle, depresses the whole larynx (includes thyrohyoid)

46
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

move parts of the larynx

47
Q

Cricothyroid muscles

A

Intrinsic muscles. Lengthen and tense the vocal cords. External branch of superior laryngeal nerve.

48
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoids

A

the ONLY ABDUCTORS of the vocal cords. Vagus/RLN

49
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoids

A

adduct and internally rotate. Vagus/RLN

50
Q

Thyroarytenoids

A

sphincter of vestibule, narrow the inlet and shorten the voca lcords- lower the voice

51
Q

Oblique arytenoids

A

narrow the inlet, adducting vocal cords. Vagus/RLN

52
Q

Transverse arytenoids

A

adduct the arytenoid cartilages, adducting the vocal cords. Vagus/RLN

53
Q

What is the innervation of the mucosa above the vocal cords

A

Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

54
Q

Surgical airway

A

through cricothyroid membrane to avoid vocal cords

55
Q

Where does the thyroid lie

A

anterior to trachea at 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilage

56
Q

What does the carotid sheath contain

A

common carotid arteries, IJV and vagus nerves

57
Q

Where does the trachea bifurcate

A

Carina- sternal angle, T4/T5

58
Q

What is “lingular bronchus”

A

middle secondary on LHS

59
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are on each side

A

10, each supplied by a tertiary bronchus and a branch of pulmonary artery and lymphatics and autonomic nerves

60
Q

Venous drainage of the bronchi?

A

pulmonary veins run between segments

61
Q

Which bronchus is more likely to be obstructed by a foreign body?

A

Right- is straighter and shorter

62
Q

Polyphonic wheeze

A

multiple tubes- asthma/COPD

63
Q

Hilum organisation

A

bronchi lie posteriorly, arteries lie superiorly

64
Q

Black lymph nodes in lungs

A

anthracosis

65
Q

Lung blood supply

A

bronchial arteries, branches of descending aorta. Drain to the azygos and hemiazygous veins

66
Q

Lung lymph drainage

A

drains to bronchopulmonary lymph nodes at the hilum –> tracheobronchial nodes in mediastinum –> nodes in trachea

67
Q

Lung + visceral pleura innervation

A

Autinomically by sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves via the pulmonary plexus.

68
Q

What effect does PSNS stimulation have on the bronchioles?

A

Constricts

69
Q

What effect does SNS stimulation have on the bronchioles?

A

Dilation

70
Q

Pleural effusion exam

A

central trachea, stony dull percussion, reduced breath, increased vocal resonance

71
Q

Lobar Pneumonia exam

A

central trachea, dull percussion, bronchial breathing, increased vocal resonance

72
Q

Lung Collapse exam

A

deviated trachea towards site, dull percussion, reduce breath, reduced vocal resonance

73
Q

Pneumothorax exam

A

central trachea, hyper-resonant percussion, reduced breath sounds, reduced vocal resonance

74
Q

Tension pneumothorax exam

A

deviated trachea away from site, hyper-resonant percussion, reduced breath sounds, reduced vocal resonance

Year 2 Anatomy (5 decks)

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