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Year 2 Anatomy > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Mylohyoid Muscle

A

floor of the mouth

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2
Q

Vestibule

A

area in front of the teeth, behind the lips

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3
Q

Oral cavity

A

area within the teeth

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4
Q

Teeth and gingivae nerve supply

A

superior and inferior alveolar nerves and maxillary and mandibular branches of trigeminal

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5
Q

Teeth and gingivae blood supply

A

superior and inferior alveolar vessels

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6
Q

Intrinsic tongue muscles

A

change shape of the tongue

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7
Q

Extrinsic tongue muscles

A

move the tongue itself

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8
Q

What is the root of the tongue anchored to?

A

mandible and hyoid bones

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9
Q

What epithelium are the tongue and palate covered by?

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What covers the tongue surface

A

papillae bearing taste buds

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11
Q

Where are vallate papillae found?

A

at the root of the tongue

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12
Q

Vascularature of the tongue?

A

Artery- lingual artery (frome external carotid). Vein- lingual vein (to IJV)

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13
Q

Motor supply of tongue

A

hypoglossus (CNXII) apart from palatglossus which is vagal (CNX)

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14
Q

Sensation supply of tongue

A

post 1/3 glossopharyngeal, anterior 2/3 lingual mandibular of trigeminal nerve (CNV)

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15
Q

Taste supply of the tongue

A

post 1/3 glossopharyngeal, anterior 2/3 chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CNVII)

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16
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

bilateral synovial articulation between mandible and temporal bone

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17
Q

What are the muscles of mastication

A

Massater, Temporalis, Medial and pterygoids

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18
Q

Styloglossus

A

raises posterior part of tongue during swallowing

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19
Q

Palatoglossus

A

raises posterior part of tongue during swallowing

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20
Q

What closes the laryngeal orifice

A

aryepiglottic and oblique arytenoids

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21
Q

What muscles make up the soft palate

A

tensor and levator veli palatine, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus and uvular

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22
Q

What makes up the hard palate

A

palatal process of the maxilla and the horizontal palatine bones

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23
Q

What vessel supplies the palates

A

branches of the maxillary artery

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24
Q

What innervates the palates

A

pharyngeal plexus, other than the tensor veli palatini which is supplied by CNV3

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25
Q

What muscles make up the external layer of the pharynx

A

smooth muscle constrictors- superior, middle and inferior

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26
Q

What muscles make up the internal layer of the pharynx

A

palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus

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27
Q

What 2 groups of muscles make up the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid

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28
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles, and what do they do?

A

mylohyoid, geniohyoid (goes around digastric tendon), digastrics (ant. + post. bellies). All act to elevate the larynx/hyoid

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29
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles, and what do they do?

A

Sternohyoid (top layer), omohyoid (loop to scapula), sternothyroid and thyrohyoid. All act to depress the larynx/hyoid

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30
Q

Parotid gland location

A

side of cheek, duct opens on inside of cheek wall (beside 2nd upper molar)

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31
Q

Parotid gland innervation

A

glossopharyngeal nerve (otic ganglion)

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32
Q

What runs through the parotid gland?

A

facial nerve (chorda tympani), external carotid artery (maxillary and temporal branches) and retromandibular vein

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33
Q

Submandibular duct location

A

beneath jawline, duct opens lateral to lingual frenulum.

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34
Q

Sublingual duct location

A

below the tongue, duct opens around the underside of the tongue

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35
Q

Sublingual duct innervation

A

facial nerve, chorda tympani, submandibular ganglion innervation

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36
Q

What are the 4 narrowings of the oesophagus

A

cricopharyngeal spinchter (cervical), aortic arch and left main bronchus (thoracic), esophageal hiatus (diaphragmatic) and the GO junction

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37
Q

Where does the oesophagus begin

A

C6- level of the cricoid cartilage

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38
Q

Oesopaheal mucosa epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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39
Q

Oesophageal mucosa epithelium

A

stratified squamous

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40
Q

Relations of oesophagus

A

anterior to vertebral fascia, posterior to trachea

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41
Q

Where does the oesophagus enter the abdomen, and what with

A

Through right crus of diaphragm with vagus nerve at T10

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42
Q

Oesophageal blood supply?

A

Upper 1/3 inferior thyroid artery, middle 1/3 off thoracic aorta, lower 1/3 left gastric artery

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43
Q

Oesophageal lymph drainage

A

Posterior mediastinal nodes

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44
Q

Where is the lesser omentum found?

A

between stomach and liver

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45
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

subsection of peritoneal cavity- posterior to stomach ad anterior to retroperitoneal organs

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46
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

2 double layers (4 layers) over the abdominal organs

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47
Q

What connects the greater and lesser sacs?

A

Omental foramen/epiploic foramen/foramen of Winslow

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48
Q

Sign of upper GI malignancy

A

Enlarged supraclavicular lymph node

49
Q

How many parts in the duodenum

A

4-superior, descending, inferior, ascending

50
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal

A

2nd + 3rd

51
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are intraperitoneal

A

1st + rth

52
Q

Duodenum epithelium?

A

Columnar with villi and circular folds

53
Q

What is the function of the duodenum

A

regulation of stomach emptying, mucus/enzyme/bile secretion

54
Q

What is the Sphincter of Oddi?

A

The major duodenal papilla

55
Q

What is the Sphincter of Vater

A

comes form the common bile duct and creates a small bulge in the duodenal wall

56
Q

What is duodenal secretion stimulated by

A

secretin and the PSNS

57
Q

What is the blood supply and innervation of the duodenum

A

Dual, 1st + 2nd parts and pancreas from coeliac axis and 3rd + 4th parts superior mesenteric axis

58
Q

Pancreas Relations (internal)

A

Head lies in curve of duodenum, tail in splenic hilum. In foregut, epigastric region. Retroperitoneal.

59
Q

Where does the duct of the pancreas open?

A

At the major duodenal papilla.

60
Q

What is pancreatic secretion stimulated by?

A

cholecystokinin (endocrine) and PSNS

61
Q

What is the pancreas blood supply?

A

splenic artery (along ant/sup pancreas) and the superior anterior pancreatic-duodenal arteries. Corresponding veins drain to portal system.

62
Q

Where is the spleen located.

A

Under 9th/10th//11th ribs on LHS. Foregut. Intraperitoneal.

63
Q

Spleen bloody supply

A

splenic artery and vein

64
Q

Where is the gallbladder

A

behind the tip of 9th costal margin on RHS

65
Q

What is inflammation of the gallbladder called?

A

Murphy’s sign

66
Q

Where is the pancreas found? (surface)

A

Neck overlies L1-L2, neck at L1, transpyloric plane

67
Q

Lobes of the liver

A

left, right, caudate and quadrate

68
Q

Liver location

A

foregut, intraperitoneal (covered by peritoneum aisde from bare area)

69
Q

Where does the falciform ligament attach to?

A

abdominal wall and diaphragm

70
Q

What is the porta hepatis

A

a deep fissure in the inferior surface containing the L + R hepatic arteries and the hepatic portal vein

71
Q

Ligamentum teres

A

obliterated umbilical vein

72
Q

Ligamentum arteriosum

A

obliterated ductus venosus

73
Q

Gall bladder location (internal)

A

foregut, intraperitoneal

74
Q

What stimulates secretion of the gallbladder

A

cholecystekinin

75
Q

Blood supply of the gall bladder

A

branch of the right hepatic artery

76
Q

Gallstones risk factors

A

Fat, Fair, Female, Fertile, Forty (+OCP and rapid weight loss)

77
Q

What can gallstones be made of?

A

cholesterol/mixed/pigment

78
Q

What is the arcuate line

A

lower edge of posterior sheath, ends about 1/3 way between umbilicus and pubic crest

79
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament attach?

A

Attaches the ASIS to the pubic tubercle

80
Q

Where does the deep inguinal ring run?

A

Through the transversalis fascia, lateral to inferior epigastric vessels

81
Q

Where does the superficial inguinal ring run?

A

through the aponeurosis of the external oblique

82
Q

What forms the superior border of the inguinal canal?

A

Lowe edge of internal oblique, transvere abdominis

83
Q

What forms the inferior border of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal Ligament

84
Q

What forms the posterior border of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis Fascia (laterally), Conjoint tendon (medially)

85
Q

What forms the anterior border of the inguinal canal?

A

Skin, superficial fascia and aponeurosis of the external oblique

86
Q

What is contained in the inguinal ligament? (Male and female)

A

Male: spermatic cord
Female: round ligament of uterus

87
Q

What is the mid-inguinal point and what can be found there?

A

Halfway between ASIS + pubic symphysis.

Femoral artery passes just underneath it.

88
Q

What is the mid-point of the inguinal ligament and what can be found there?

A

Halfway between ASIS and the pubic tubercle.

Opening to inguinal canal is just above this point.

89
Q

What region is prone to herniation?

A

The inguinal region- deep inguinal ring (espedcially in males) and femoral canal.

90
Q

Where are direct inguinal hernias from?

A

Hasselbach’s triangle

91
Q

Where are indirect inguinal hernias from?

A

Usually due to embryonic failure to close inguinal ring.

92
Q

How can you identify the jejunum?

A

Large, closely set folds. Darker colour, greater vasculairty from vasa recta (straight vessels). No Peyer’s patches.

93
Q

What can you identify the ileum?

A

No folds in the terminal ileum. Paler colour, reduced vascularity, less vasa recta more arcades (complex). Peyer’s patches (looks white)

94
Q

Where can you find the jejunum?

A

LUQ/Umbilical region. Intraperitoneal- attached by mesentery.

95
Q

Where can you find the ileum?

A

RLQ/Suprapubic region. Intraperitoneal- attached by mesentery.

96
Q

What is diverticular disease?

A

Multiple/single mucosal hernias through bowel wall muscle. Normally sigmoid/descending colon.

97
Q

Where can you see the aorta on a radiograph?

A

behind diaphragm at T12

98
Q

Where can you see the coeliac trunk on a radiograph?

A

at upper L1

99
Q

Where can you see the SMA on a radiograph?

A

at lower L1

100
Q

Where can you see the renal arteries on a radiograph?

A

at L2

101
Q

Where can you see the IMA on a radiograph?

A

at L3

102
Q

Where can you see the bifurcation to common iliac arteries on a radiograph?

A

at L4

103
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach to on the large bowel?

A

Transvere colon

104
Q

Which parts of the large bowel are retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending and descending

105
Q

Which parts of the large bowel are intraperitoneal?

A

Transverse and Sigmoid

106
Q

What are the taeni coli

A

3 longitudinal muscle bands that have a ‘purse string’ effect

107
Q

What is the rectum?

A

A dilatable ‘holding area’ above the levator ani in the pelvis

108
Q

What is the blood supply of the rectum?

A

superior rectal artery (from IMA) and the middle rectal artery (from internal iliac)

109
Q

Where does lymph from the rectum drain?

A

Upper (canal) –> inferior mesenteric nodes

Lower (canal) –> internal iliac nodes

110
Q

Where does the anal canal travel?

A

Anorectal ring –> anus

111
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Was an embryological division. Divides the upper and lower anal canals

112
Q

What is the blood supply + drainage of the upper anal canal?

A

Superior rectal artery, super rectal vein

113
Q

What is the blood supply + drainage of the lower anal canal?

A

Inferior rectal artery, inferior rectal vein

114
Q

What is the innervation of the upper anal canal?

A

Autonomic innervation from hypogastric plexus

115
Q

What is the innervation of the lower anal canal?

A

somatic innervation by inferior rectal nerves

116
Q

What is the function of the puborectalis

A

aids anal continence

117
Q

What is tenesmus

A

a feeling of incomplete evacuation

118
Q

What are portosystemic anastomoses?

A

Hole between systemic and portal circulation. Can be oesophageal (varices), rectal, paraumbilical, retroperitoneal, intrahepatic.

Year 2 Anatomy (5 decks)

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