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Year 2 Anatomy > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Macroscopic haematuria

A

visible blood in urine

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2
Q

Microscopic haematuria

A

blood in urine, can only be seen on analysis

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3
Q

Minor and major calyxes epithelium

A

transitional epithelium (urothelium)

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4
Q

What is in the renal hilum?

A

renal vein, renal artery and ureter (ant. –> post.)

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5
Q

Where does lymph drain from the kidney

A

to lumbar lymph nodes –> para-aortic nodes

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6
Q

What are the 3 capsules of the kidney?

A

Renal capsule- adherent to surface of the kidney
Perineal fat- solid, protective tissue
Gerota’s (renal) fascia- extraperitoneal fascia

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7
Q

Kidney innervation

A

SNS from sympathetic chain to renal plexus, afferent sympathetic fibres enter spinal cord T11-L2

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8
Q

Muscles around kidney?

A

Psoa major, diaphragm, quadratus lumborum, transverse abdominis.

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9
Q

Where do the adrenal glands lie?

A

Superior to kidney, lie within perineal fat and renal fascia

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10
Q

What shape are the adrenal glands?

A

RHS- pyramidal

LHS- crescent shaped

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11
Q

What is the blood supply of the adrenal glands?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries, aorta + renal arteries

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12
Q

What are the functions of the adrenal glands?

A

Medulla- secretes catecholamines

Cortex- secretes corticosteroids + androgens

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13
Q

What epithelium does the ureter have?

A

Transitional epithelium

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14
Q

Where does the ureter go from and to?

A

pelvis of kidney —> urinary bladder

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15
Q

Abdominal ureter

A

posterior to colon and mesentery- adherent to peritoneum. Lying on psoas major, anterior to transverse processes of lumbar verterbrae

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16
Q

Pelvic ureter

A

begin along lateral pelvic walls, turn anetromedially at level of ischial spine. Lie close to seminal vesicle and run under vas deferens/lateral to cervix

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17
Q

Blood supply of ureter

A

local arteries along it’s course

18
Q

Lymph drainage of ureter

A

renal, common/internal iliac/vesicle nodes

19
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the left kidney

A

L1

20
Q

What is the surface anatomy of the right kidney

A

L2

21
Q

Where does ureter pain refer to?

A

lumbar/suprapubic regions

22
Q

What are the risk factors for kidney stones?

A

male, 30-50YO, dehydration, immobility, increased serum calcium

23
Q

Possible complications of kidney stone

A

haemorrhage, infection, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis

24
Q

What are the 3 man constricitons of the ureters?

A

Pelvi-uteric junction, pelvic brim and vesicouteric junction

25
Q

What is the detrusor?

A

Smooth muscle wall of the bladder

26
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the bladder?

A

urothelium

27
Q

What lies in the median umbilical fold?

A

obliterated umbilical arteru

28
Q

Where does the empty bladder lie?

A

In true pelvis, posterior to pubic symphysis

29
Q

What lies anterior to the bladder?

A

pubic symphysis

30
Q

What lies posterior to the bladder?

A

rectum/uterus

31
Q

What lies lateral to the bladder?

A

ischioanal fossa and obturators/levator ani

32
Q

What lies inferior to the bladder?

A

Prostate/pelvic fascia/peitoneum

33
Q

What lies superior to the bladder?

A

uterus/peritoneum

34
Q

What is the blood supply of the bladder?

A

superior and inferior vesical arteries from internal iliac artery

35
Q

What drains the bladder?

A

Vesical venous plexus –> internal iliac veins

36
Q

Lymph drainage of the bladder?

A

internal and external iliac nodes

37
Q

Innervation of the bladder?

A

SNS- sympathetic trunkPSNS- pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

38
Q

Female urethra

A

4cm
embedded in anterior wall of vagina
external urethral meatus opening- vulval vestibule

39
Q

How long is the male urethra

A

20cm

40
Q

What are the 4 parts of the male urethra

A

Pre-prostatic (within bladder neck)
Prostatic (within prostate)
Membranous (throuhg ext. sphincter and perineal membrane)
Penile/spongy urethra

41
Q

Urethral catheteristaion

A

if urine cannot pass through urethra, facilitates flow, balloon inflated once in place

42
Q

Suprapubic catheterisation

A

draining bladder for patients who need it long term/urethral cannot be done.

Year 2 Anatomy (5 decks)

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