Respiratory Flashcards
What is the gas law?
(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/V2
What is Boyle’s Law?
P1V1=P2V2
Atmosphere pressure is due to the effect of what on the gasses?
gravity
what is normal pressure of gas on Earth?
760mmHg=1atmosphere of pressure
What effect does Nitrogen have under normal pressure?
no effect
what can happen to Nitrogen that we breath under pressurized conditions?
the Nitrogen can be forced into solution
What is the formula of partial pressure?
concentration of dissolved gas/solubility coefficient
Oxygen and CO2 are lipid soluble…True or False?
True!
Are cell membranes able to block O2 and CO2?
No
What is the function of nasal hairs?
filter inhaled air along with warming and humidifying
What are airways covered with?
pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
In cold weather blood flow is ____ to the respiratory mucosa
Increased
What can we use to open a constricted airway?
beta two adrenergic agonist
What does cystic fibrosis inhibit?
transport of chloride across membranes which affects exocrine secretions
What blocks the trachea when eating?
the epiglottis
Where does actual gas exchange in the lungs occur?
alveolar ducts
How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left lung have?
Right has three and the left has two
what type of muscle controls the diameter of the alveoli?
smooth muscle
What cells are optimized for gas diffusion?
Type 1 simple squamous cells
What are type 2 simple squamous cells for?
secreting surfactant
what is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?
decreases surface tension of the water which would otherwise collapse the thin delicate alveoli
What removes fluid from the lungs?
lymphatic system
What holds the two pleura together?
a thin film of fluid
What is ventilation?
exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow
What determines flow?
difference between the alveoli and atmosphere pressure (Palv-Patm)
What determines transpulmonary pressure?
Palv-Pip
What determines chest wall pressure
Pip-Patm
What determines Respiratory system pressure
Palv-Patm
What is transpulmonary pressure?
pressure holding lungs open
what is chest wall pressure?
pressur holding chest wall in
What is respiratory system pressure?
pressure difference across entire respiratory system
What is the typical value of Pip (Interplueral pressure)?
-4 to -7
What is pneumothorax?
lung collapse and expansion of chest wall
An increase in compliance would make it easier or harder to fill?
easier
An decrease in compliance would make it easier or harder to fill?
harder
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
leading cause of death in premature babies due to not producing surfactant yet
What is the equation for flow?
pressure difference/Resistance
Can Residual volume be measured using a spirometer?
no, you cannot totally empty your lungs
What is the typical value for tidal volume?
500ml
what is tidal volume?
amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath while relaxed
what is inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort
what is expiratory reserve volume
maximum amount of air that can be exhaled
what is residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
what is the typical value for residual volume
about one liter
what is vital capacity
amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration
what does vital capacity asses?
strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function
what is inspiratory capacity?
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
what is functional residual capacity?
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
what is total lung capacity?
maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
How can you find minute ventilation?
tidal volume * frequency
how can you find anatomic dead space?
150*frequency
how can you find alveolar ventilation
minute ventilation-anatomic dead space
What keeps pulmonary interpleural pressure negative?
the lymphatic system
When standing at rest there is ____ flow of blood at the top of the lungs compared to the bottom
little
Chronically damaged lymphatic system can cause drainage to increase by how much?
ten times
Why is there an increase in oxygen concentration and CO2 decreases from the blood levels to expired air?
this is due to the mixing of alveolar air with the dead space air before exhalation
The slow rate of replacement in alveolar air functions to do what?
buffer against sudden changes in blood gas concentration
What is the ventilation-Perfusion ratio?
Ratio of O2 reaching alveoli (V)/Ratio of blood reaching alveoli (Q)
What does it mean by shunted blood?
blood not exchanged with normal alveolar air
The blood only needs to travel _____ of the length of a pulmonary capillary to equilibrate with the alveolar PO2
3-Jan
What does the high solubility coefficient for CO2 mean?
it can diffuse much faster than O2
What can shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right? (thus a decrease in O2 delivery)
increased metabolism, hypoxia, high acidity, inc. temperature, and increase in DPG
Why would a baby (in the womb) have an O2-Hb dissociation curve farther to the left than the mother?
because the baby has a higher affinity for oxygen
What converts CO2 to bicarbonate?
carbonic anhydrase
note that only a ____ fraction of the CO2 is released in the lungs
small
what is the Bohr effect?
increase release of O2 with and increase in CO2 pressures in tissues
what is the Haldane effect?
the binding of O2 in the lungs at relatively high O2 pressure levels decrease the CO2 content of the blood…so enhancing its release
what causes the Haldane effect?
due to the binding of O2 making Hb a stronger acid which decreases tendency to increase H+ which tends to force the formation of carbonic acid to reverse and release CO2
The ___ adjusts ventilation to match demand
CNS
the dorsal respiratory group is responsible for what?
inspiration
the ventral respiratory group influences what?
expiration/increase ventilation overall during exercise
The pneumotaxic center is for what?
rate/frequency and depth of ventilation
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
Stretch receptors in the walls of the airways that signal the DRG, via the vagus, of overinflation in the lungs
Can protons cross the BBB?
No
Increase in CO2 pressures has what kind of effect on respiration?
increase respiration and decrease pH
What does a decrease in Arterial PO2 cause?
increase firing of chemoreceptors, increase in contractions and then an increase in ventilation
what is caused from an increase in non-CO2 acids?
increase in H ions, increase in chemoreceptor firing, an increase in contractions and an increase in ventilation
what does an increase in PCO2 levels in the arteries cause?
increase in H ions, increase in brain extracellular fluid, which increases firing of chemoreceptors, which increases contractions and ventilation
What is periodic breathing?
when gas concentrations are out of sync to each other and the person will alternate periods of deep breathing with shallow or no breathing.
What are common causes of Sleep apnea?
older, obese, or people with abnormal anatomy…can be treated with surgery or CPAP
Asthma is a ____ condition…(constrictive or obstructive)
obstructive
