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BSI > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Serous membrane which surrounds abdominal organs

A

Peritoneum

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2
Q

Name the different parts of the peritoneum

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
  • Peritoneum cavity
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3
Q

Where does the parietal layer attach to?

A

abdominal wall

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4
Q

Where does the visceral layer attach to?

A

organs called serosa

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5
Q

Accumulation of fluid to peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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6
Q

Bonds organs to each other and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

folds of the peritoneum

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7
Q

Name the layers of the GI tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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8
Q

What contains blood and lymph vessels which are the routes by which nutrients absorbed into the GI tract reach other tissues of the body?

A

areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

Contains areolar connective tissue, mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, and muscularis mucosae

A

lamina propria

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10
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

Areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis

A

submucosa

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12
Q

Located inferior and anterior to ears; between skin and masseter muscle

A

parotid glands

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13
Q

Located beneath base of tongue in posterior floor of mouth

A

submandibular glands

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14
Q

Located superior to submandibular glands

A

sublingual glands

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15
Q

Collapsible muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

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16
Q

Controls the passage of food into the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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17
Q

Controls passage of food into stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

Surrounds the superior opening of stomach

A

cardia

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19
Q

Rounded region superior and to the left of the cardia

A

fundus

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20
Q

Region that connects to the duodenum

A

pylorus

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21
Q

Controls passage of chyme into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Large folds that are present when stomach is empty

A

rugae of mucosa

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23
Q

Name the regions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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24
Q

Controls passage of chyme into large intestine

A

ileocecal sphincter

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25
Q

About 5 feet longs and attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesocolon

A

large intestine

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26
Q

The internal sphincter contains _______ muscle and has __________ control

A

smooth; involuntary

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27
Q

The external sphincter contains _______ muscle and has __________ control

A

skeletal; voluntary

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28
Q

Opening of common bile duct merges with pancreatic duct and opens into duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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29
Q

Covered by visceral peritoneum with underlying dense irregular connective tissue

A

liver

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30
Q

Stimulates enteric nervous system, which increases most GI activity

A

PNS (vagus nerve)

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31
Q

Inhibits GI activity, mostly by inhibiting enteric nervous system

A

SNS

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32
Q
  • Innervates structures in the submucosa
  • Controls secretion of glands
  • Controls vasoconstriction of blood vessels
A

submucosal plexus

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33
Q

Innervates muscularis

A

myenteric plexus

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34
Q

Digestive enzyme that acts on triglycerides

A

lingual lipase

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35
Q

Digestive enzyme that acts on starches (carbs)

A

salivary amylase

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36
Q

Secreted type of antibody that prevents attachment of microbes so they cannot penetrate epithelium

A

immunoglobulin A

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37
Q

Lyses bacteria

A

bacterial lysozyme

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38
Q

Salivation controlled by _____

A

ANS

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39
Q

What stimulates salivation?

A

PNS

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40
Q

What inhibits salivation?

A

SNS

41
Q

Where does food begin to dissovle?

A

in saliva

42
Q

In the stomach, the bolus of food is reduced to a liquid substance called _____

A

chyme

43
Q

What activates pepsin?

A

activation of pepsinogen by HCl

44
Q

Digests proteins

A

pepsin

45
Q

Digests fats

A
  • lingual lipase

- gastric lipase

46
Q

Secretes mucus that forms a protective coating that prevents digestion of stomach wall

A

mucous cells

47
Q

Secretes HCl

A

Parietal cells

48
Q

Secretes intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

49
Q

Secretes pepsinogen

A

chief cells

50
Q

Proteolytic enzyme that breaks peptide bonds

A

pepsin

51
Q

Secretes the hormone gastrin into blood stream

A

G cells

52
Q

Increases activity of stomach by stimulating parietal, chief, and ECL cells, increasing motility of stomach, and relaxing pyloric sphincter

A

gastrin

53
Q

Secretes somatostatin which inhibits H+ secretion by parietal cells

A

D cells

54
Q

Secretes histamine which stimulates H+ secretion by parietal cells

A

ECL cells

55
Q

What forms the brush border?

A

absorptive cells lining the villus that have microvilli

56
Q

Most digestion and absorption occur in ______ intestine (specifically in the __________)

A

small; duodenum

57
Q

Contains Brunner’s glands which secrete alkaline mucus with NaHCO3 that helps to neutralize gastric acid in chyme

A

submucosa of duodenum

58
Q

Digests maltose into glucose + glucose

A

maltase

59
Q

Digests sucrose into glucose + fructose

A

sucrase

60
Q

Digests lactose into glucose + galactose

A

lactase

61
Q

Breaks down destrins into glucose

A

alpha-dextrinase

62
Q

Digests proteins in small intestine

A

aminopeptidase

63
Q

Digests dipeptides into amino acids in small intestine

A

dipeptidase

64
Q

Digests nucleic acids in small intestine

A

nucleosidases

65
Q

Activates trypsinogen into trypsin which digests proteins

A

enterokinase

66
Q

Secrete mucus in small intestine

A

goblet cells

67
Q

Secrete secretin in small intestine

A

S cells

68
Q

Secrete CCK

A

CCK cells

69
Q

Secrete GIP which induces insulin secretion from pancrease

A

K cells

70
Q

Secrete GLP-1

A

L cells

71
Q
  • Found in deepest parts of intestinal glands
  • Secrete lysozyme and bactericidal enzyme
  • Phagocytic properties
A

Paneth cells

72
Q

What is second source of bicarbonate next to Brunner’s gland?

A

pancreatic juice

73
Q
  • Buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme
  • Inactivates pepsin
  • Creates proper pH for action of digestive enzymes in duodenum
A

NaHCO3

74
Q

Carbohydrate digesting enzyme in pacreas

A

pancreatic amylase

75
Q

Triglyceride digesting enzyme in pancres

A

pancreatic lipase

76
Q

Protein digesting enzymes in pancres

A
  • trypsin
  • chymotrypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
  • elastase
77
Q

Nucleic acids digesting enzymes in pancreas

A
  • ribonuclease

- deoxyribonuclease

78
Q

Instead of capillaries, liver contains ______

A

sinusoids

79
Q

Delivers oxygenated blood to liver

A

branch of hepatic artery

80
Q

Delivers deoxygenated blood rich in newly absorbed nutrients from GI tract to liver

A

branch of hepatic portal vein

81
Q

What secretes bile?

A

hepatocytes

82
Q

Breakdown of large lipid globules into small droplets

A

emulsification

83
Q

What forms micelles?

A

bile

84
Q

Ferry lipids to wall of GIT for absorption

A

micelles

85
Q

Enhance secretion of bile from liver and gallbladder

A

CCK and Secretin

86
Q

Stimulates production of bile by liver

A

PNS

87
Q

Most bile salts that enter duodenum are reabsorbed in ______

A

ileum

88
Q

Chylomicrons are _______

A

lipoproteins

89
Q

Spherical particles with an outer shell of apoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol molecules surrounding inner core of triglycerides

A

chylomicrons

90
Q

What is the function of chylomicrons?

A

to transport triglycerides from the small intestine to various tissues

91
Q

What happens to chylomicron once it enters blood circulation via lymphatic vessels?

A

taken to adipose tissue and liver

92
Q

_____ on chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) located in membrane of endothelial cell

A

Apo C-2

93
Q

Removes fatty acids from triglycerides in chylomicron

A

LPL

94
Q

Where are triglycerides resynthesized and stored

A

adipose cells

95
Q

______ on chylomicron is docking protein recognizing receptor on hepatocyte

A

Apo E

96
Q

_____ degrades fatty acids into small compounds that can be used for energy or to synthesize other lipids

A

liver

97
Q

Name the fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

98
Q

Name the water soluble vitamins

A

B12

BSI (7 decks)

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